5,693 research outputs found
Producing the UK's first carcase trait Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) using national abattoir data
Systematic review of the behavioural assessment of pain in cats
Objectives The objectives were to review systematically the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the
behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality; and to examine behavioural metrics (considering
both the sensory and affective domains) used to assess pain.
Methods A search of PubMed and ScienceDirect, alongside articles known to the authors, from 2000 onwards, for
papers in English was performed. This was followed by a manual search of the references within the primary data
sources. Only peer-reviewed publications that provided information on the assessment tool used to evaluate the
behavioural expression of pain in cats, in conscious animals (not anaesthetised cats), were included.
Results No previous systematic reviews were identified. One hundred papers were included in the final assessment.
Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures, and no clear distinction
was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain. Ten broad types of instrument to assess pain were
identified, and generally the quality of evidence to support the use of the various instruments was poor. Only
one specific instrument (UNESP-Botucatu scale) had published evidence of validity, reliability and sensitivity at
the level of a randomised control trial, but with a positive rather than placebo control, and limited to its use in the
ovariohysterectomy situation. The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect
of pain, with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain.
Conclusions and relevance Further studies are required to provide a higher quality of evidence for methods used
to assess pain in cats. Furthermore, a consistent definition for acute and chronic pain is needed. Tools need to
be validated that can detect pain in a range of conditions and by different evaluators (veterinary surgeons and
owners), which consider both the sensory and emotional aspects of pain
From mantle to critical zone: A review of large and giant sized deposits of the rare earth elements
This is the final version. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.The rare earth elements are unusual when defining giant-sized ore deposits, as resources are often quoted as total rare earth oxide, but the importance of a deposit may be related to the grade for individual, or a limited group of the elements. Taking the total REE resource, only one currently known deposit (Bayan Obo) would class as giant (>1.7 Ă— 107 tonnes contained metal), but a range of others classify as large (>1.7 Ă— 106 tonnes). With the exception of unclassified resource estimates from the Olympic Dam IOCG deposit, all of these deposits are related to alkaline igneous activity - either carbonatites or agpaitic nepheline syenites. The total resource in these deposits must relate to the scale of the primary igneous source, but the grade is a complex function of igneous source, magmatic crystallisation, hydrothermal modification and supergene enrichment during weathering. Isotopic data suggest that the sources conducive to the formation of large REE deposits are developed in subcontinental lithospheric mantle, enriched in trace elements either by plume activity, or by previous subduction. The reactivation of such enriched mantle domains in relatively restricted geographical areas may have played a role in the formation of some of the largest deposits (e.g. Bayan Obo). Hydrothermal activity involving fluids from magmatic to meteoric sources may result in the redistribution of the REE and increases in grade, depending on primary mineralogy and the availability of ligands. Weathering and supergene enrichment of carbonatite has played a role in the formation of the highest grade deposits at Mount Weld (Australia) and Tomtor (Russia). For the individual REE with the current highest economic value (Nd and the HREE), the boundaries for the large and giant size classes are two orders of magnitude lower, and deposits enriched in these metals (agpaitic systems, ion absorption deposits) may have significant economic impact in the near future.Natural Environment Research CouncilUniversity of Exete
A live vaccine against Neospora caninum abortions in cattle
CommentaryMichael P. Reichel, DadĂn P. Moore, Andrew Hemphill, Luis M. Ortega-Mora, J.P. Dubey, John T. Elli
Dutch parallel corpus: a balanced parallel corpus for Dutch-English and Dutch-French
status: publishe
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