147 research outputs found

    Pectins and Olive Pectins

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    Pectins are a component of the complex heteropolysaccharide mixture present in the cell wall of higher plants. Structurally, the pectin backbone includes galacturonic acid to which neutral sugars are attached, resulting in functional regions in which the esterification of residues is crucial. Pectins influence many physiological processes in plants and are used industrially for both food and non-food applications. Pectin-based compounds are also a promising natural source of health-beneficial bioactive molecules. Olives, the fruit of the olive tree, are consumed as part of the healthy Mediterranean diet or processed into olive oil. Pectins from olives have recently emerged as promising compounds with health-beneficial effects

    Fatty Acids on Osteoclastogenesis

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    Excessive bone resorption is a hallmark on the onset and development of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoclasts are bone‐resorbing multinucleated cells that differentiate from hematopoietic progenitors of the myeloid lineage. The regulation of this differentiation process is considered an effective therapeutic intervention to the treatment of pathological bone loss. Dietary fatty acids (FAs), transported in the form of postprandial triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins, have been linked with inflammation and oxidative stress associated to the overactivation of circulating leukocytes. Monocyte differentiation by soluble cytokines is known to up‐regulate osteoclast maturation via increased expression levels of receptor activator for nuclear factor‐κB ligand relative to osteoprotegerin. This review summarizes the effects of dietary omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids on plasticity during osteoclast formation and function

    The sterols isolated from evening primrose oil inhibit human colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest through upregulation of LXR

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    © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Evening primrose oil (EPO) is widely used as a dietary supplement from which beneficial effects have been reported in rheumatic and arthritic conditions, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, premenstrual and menopausal syndrome, and diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether phytosterols isolated from evening primrose oil (PS-EPO), and its main components β-sitosterol and campesterol, affect proliferation, cell death, and the cell cycle of human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. PS-EPO were a potent antiproliferative agents in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 62.9 μg/mL after 48 h, lower than β-sitosterol and campesterol (79.0 μM and 71.6 μM respectively). Flow cytometry showed that PS-EPO exerted a stimulatory effect on apoptosis and necrosis, increasing the number of cells in G0/G1 phase. PS-EPO produced a significant upregulation in liver X receptor (LXR) gene expression that may be one of the principal mechanisms of the tumor shrinkage by PS-EPO.Peer Reviewe

    Lipoprotein metabolism, protein aggregation, and Alzheimer’s Disease: A literature review

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    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The physiopathology of AD is well described by the presence of two neuropathological features: amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. In the last decade, neuroinflammation and cellular stress have gained importance as key factors in the development and pathology of AD. Chronic cellular stress occurs in degenerating neurons. Stress Granules (SGs) are nonmembranous organelles formed as a response to stress, with a protective role; however, SGs have been noted to turn into pathological and neurotoxic features when stress is chronic, and they are related to an increased tau aggregation. On the other hand, correct lipid metabolism is essential to good function of the brain; apolipoproteins are highly associated with risk of AD, and impaired cholesterol efflux and lipid transport are associated with an increased risk of AD. In this review, we provide an insight into the relationship between cellular stress, SGs, protein aggregation, and lipid metabolism in AD.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Dietary fatty acids and lipoproteins on progression of age-related macular degeneration

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    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a medical condition of central loss vision and blindness. Numerous studies have revealed that changes on certain dietary fatty acids (FAs) could have useful for AMD management. This review summarizes the effects of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, MUFAs, and SFAs, and lipoproteins on AMD. Findings are consistent with the beneficial role of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, while the effects of dietary MUFAs and SFAs appeared to be ambiguous with respect to the possible protection from MUFAs and to the possible adverse impact from SFAs on AMD. Some of the pathological mechanisms associated with lipoproteins on AMD share those observed previously in cardiovascular diseases. It was also noticed that the effects of FAs in the diet and lipoprotein on AMD could be modulated by genetic variants. From a population health perspective, the findings of this review are in favour of omega-3 long-chain FAs recommendations in a preventive and therapeutic regimen to attain lower AMD occurrence and progression rates. Additional long-term and short-term nutrigenomic studies are required to clearly establish the role and the relevance of interaction of dietary FAs, lipoproteins, and genes in the genesis and progression of AMD

    Niacin and olive oil promote skewing to the M2 phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice with metabolic syndrome

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    21 Páginas; 3 Figuras; 2 TablasMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with obesity, dyslipemia, type 2 diabetes and chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of high-fat low-cholesterol diets (HFLCDs) rich in SFAs (HFLCD-SFAs), MUFAs (HFLCD-MUFAs) or MUFAs plus omega-3 long-chain PUFAs (HFLCD-PUFAs) on polarisation and inflammatory potential in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from niacin (NA)-treated Lepob/obLDLR−/− mice. Animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs had increased weight and serum triglycerides, and their BMDMs accumulated triglycerides over the animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs. Furthermore, BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs were polarised towards the M1 phenotype with functional competence to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs were skewed to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These findings open opportunities for developing novel nutritional strategies with olive oil as the most important dietary source of MUFAs (notably oleic acid) to prevent development and progression of metabolic complications in the NA-treated MetS.This study was supported by research Grant AGL2011-29008 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN). S. M. has the benefit of an FPI fellowship (BES-2012-056104) of MICINN. B. B. and S. L. acknowledge financial support from “V Own Research Plan” (University of Seville) and the Spanish Research Council (CSIC)/Juan de la Cierva, respectively.Peer reviewe

    Olive oil and postprandial hyperlipidemia: implications for atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome

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    42 Páginas; 4 Tablas; 6 FigurasOlive oil is the primary source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, which is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as measured by reduced mortality from several chronic diseases. The current pandemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes is intimately associated with an atherogenic dyslipidemic phenotype. The core components of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome, which most likely initiate atherosclerosis, are the “lipid triad” consisting of high plasma triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoproteins, and a preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoproteins at fasting. However, postprandial (non-fasting) TGs (postprandial hyperlipidemia) are also recognized as an important component for atherosclerosis. Herein, the purpose of this review was to provide an update on the effects and mechanisms related to olive oil on postprandial hyperlipidemia and its implications for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome.This study was supported by research Grant AGL2011-29008 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN). S. M. has the benefit of a FPI fellowship (BES-2012-056104) of MICINN. B. B. and S. L. acknowledge financial support from “V Own Research Plan” (University of Seville) and the Spanish Research Council (CSIC)/Juan de la Cierva, respectively.Peer reviewe

    High-density lipoproteins and immune response: A review

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    High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are heterogeneous lipoproteins that modify their composition and functionality depending on physiological or pathological conditions. The main roles of HDL are cholesterol efflux, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. These functions can be compromised under pathological conditions. HDLs play a role in the immune system as anti-inflammatory molecules but when inflammation occurs, HDLs change their composition and carry pro-inflammatory cargo. Hence, many molecular intermediates that influence inflammatory microenvironments and cell signaling pathways can modulate HDLs structural modification and function. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the importance of HDL composition and anti-inflammatory function in the onset and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, immune cell activation during progression of atheroma plaque formation can be influenced by HDLs through HDL-derived cholesterol depletion from lipid rafts and through HDL interaction with HDL receptors expressed on T and B lymphocytes. Cholesterol efflux is mediated by HDL receptors located in lipid rafts in peripheral cells, which undergo membrane structural modifications, and interferes with subsequent molecules interactions or intracellular signaling cascades. Regarding antigen-presentation cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells, HDL function may then modulate lymphocytes activation in immune response. Our review also contributes to the understanding of the effects exerted by HDLs in signal transduction associated to our immune cell population during chronic diseases progression.Junta de Andalucía US-126345

    Dietary fatty acids and vitamin B3: an effective treatment strategy for the metabolic syndrome?

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    The metabolic syndrome (MS) may be defined as the constellation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors that comprises obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Recent evidences suggest that, primarily due to its high monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) content, olive oil and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could be useful as a dietary approach for MS management, with relevance in the postprandial state. Vitamin B3, as a major substrate for nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also constitutes a nutritional intervention strategy for the treatment of MS. NAMPT has been shown to exert activities of central importance to cellular energetics and innate immunity. Within the cell, NAMPT is the rate-limiting step in a salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. NAMPT has been shown to correlate with triglycerides in the fasting plasma, and a potential regulatory role for fatty acids on NAMPT expression has been proposed. Whether different dietary fatty acids, including olive oil as a source of MUFA, play a role in NAMPT excursions and in the NAMPT-dependent regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation states remains to be solved. In general, the mechanisms that alter NAD+ metabolism probably include multiple processes, but the understandings of these mechanisms are currently very unclear and a considerable effort in this area is required before we know how changes in NAD+ metabolism influence physiology of glucose and lipid metabolism and how NAD+ metabolism might be manipulated for healing benefit by specific dietary fatty acids as a therapeutic treatment for MS.Peer Reviewe

    The sterols isolated from evening primrose oil inhibit human colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest through upregulation of LXR

    Get PDF
    Evening primrose oil (EPO) is widely used as a dietary supplement from which beneficial effects have been reported in rheumatic and arthritic conditions, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, premenstrual and menopausal syndrome, and diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether phytosterols isolated from evening primrose oil (PS-EPO), and its main components β-sitosterol and campesterol, affect proliferation, cell death, and the cell cycle of human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. PS-EPO were a potent antiproliferative agents in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 62.9 μg/mL after 48 h, lower than β-sitosterol and campesterol (79.0 μM and 71.6 μM respectively). Flow cytometry showed that PS-EPO exerted a stimulatory effect on apoptosis and necrosis, increasing the number of cells in G0/G1 phase. PS-EPO produced a significant upregulation in liver X receptor (LXR) gene expression that may be one of the principal mechanisms of the tumor shrinkage by PS-EPO
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