El análisis económico de los movimientos migratorios internacionales: determinantes empíricos y nueva propuestas de regulación

Los movimientos migratorios constituyen uno de los mayores retos a los que se va a enfrentar el Mundo en los próximos años, tanto desde el punto de vista del país receptor, en el que pueden aparecer tensiones en los mercados laborales que deriven en problemas sociológicos y políticos, como para el país de salida, que puede registrar efectos positivos o negativos según sea la composición del flujo. En un trabajo anterior, presentado en la Reunión de Economía Mundial celebrada en La Coruña en abril de 2002, se consideró el fenómeno desde un punto de vista estrictamente económico, esto es, como la movilidad del factor de producción trabajo (o, si se prefiere, de capital humano), entre regiones (en el caso de los movimientos internacionales, entre países). Allí se examinaron las condiciones teóricas que llevan a que estos movimientos se produzcan, así como las consecuencias para los países receptores. Partiendo del sistema imperante de regulación de los flujos, se analizaron de manera muy sencilla las pérdidas de eficiencia a las que daría lugar, y se delinearon las consecuencias sobre el bienestar de su sustitución por modelos económicamente más racionales. En el presente trabajo avanzamos en la línea del anterior, examinando, en primer lugar, las grandes cifras de la emigración en España, con objeto de presentar una idea de la magnitud del objeto de estudio, para pasar, posteriormente, a discernir los posibles determinantes, a nivel empírico, de las salidas y llegadas de trabajadores a nuestro país. Finalmente, se discuten los efectos teóricos de la llegada de emigrantes, y se propone una regulación alternativa a la actual, en línea con la esbozada en el trabajo presentado en A Coruña.

Nanomechanical properties of composite protein networks of erythroid membranes at lipid surfaces

Erythrocyte membranes have been particularly useful as a model for studies of membrane structure and mechanics. Native erythroid membranes can be electroformed as giant unilamellar vesicles (eGUVs). In the presence of ATP, the erythroid membrane proteins of eGUVs rearrange into protein networks at the microscale. Here, we present a detailed nanomechanical study of individual protein microfilaments forming the protein networks of eGUVs when spread on supporting surfaces. Using Peak Force tapping Atomic Force Microscopy (PF-AFM) in liquid environment we have obtained the mechanical maps of the composite lipid-protein networks supported on solid surface. In the absence of ATP, the protein pool was characterized by a Young’s Modulus Epool ≈ 5–15 MPa whereas the complex filaments were found softer after protein supramolecular rearrangement; Efil ≈ 0.4 MPa. The observed protein softening and reassembling could be relevant for understanding the mechanisms of cytoskeleton reorganization found in pathological erythrocytes or erythrocytes that are affected by biological agents

Sustained Cytotoxic Response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Unvaccinated Individuals Admitted to the ICU Due to Critical COVID-19 Is Essential to Avoid a Fatal Outcome

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on the outcome of unvaccinated individuals with critical COVID-19 admitted to the ICU. Blood samples from 23 individuals were collected upon admission and then every 2 weeks for 13 weeks until death (Exitus group) (n = 13) or discharge (Survival group) (n = 10). We did not find significant differences between groups in sociodemographic, clinical, or biochemical data that may influence the fatal outcome. However, direct cellular cytotoxicity of PBMCs from individuals of the Exitus group against pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells was significantly reduced upon admission (−2.69-fold; p = 0.0234) and after 4 weeks at the ICU (−5.58-fold; p = 0.0290), in comparison with individuals who survived, and it did not improve during hospitalization. In vitro treatment with IL-15 of these cells did not restore an effective cytotoxicity at any time point until the fatal outcome, and an increased expression of immune exhaustion markers was observed in NKT, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. However, IL-15 treatment of PBMCs from individuals of the Survival group significantly increased cytotoxicity at Week 4 (6.18-fold; p = 0.0303). Consequently, immunomodulatory treatments that may overcome immune exhaustion and induce sustained, efficient cytotoxic activity could be essential for survival during hospitalization due to critical COVID-19.This work was supported by the Coordinated Research Activities at the National Center of Microbiology (CNM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III) (COV20_00679) to promote an integrated response against SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) that is coordinated by Dr Inmaculada Casas (WHO National Influenza Center of the CNM); a generous donation provided by Chiesi España, S.A.U. (Barcelona, Spain); the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-110275RB-I00). The work of Guiomar Casado is financed by CIBERINFEC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “A way to make Europe”. The work of Montserrat Torres is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20_00679). The work of Fernando Ramos Martín is financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-110275RB-I00). The work of Mario Manzanares is supported by a pre-doctoral grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-PFIS FI20CIII/00021). The work of Lorena Vigón is supported by a pre-doctoral grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS PI16CIII/00034-ISCIII-FEDER). The work of Sara Rodríguez-Mora is financed by NIH grant R01AI143567.N

El análisis económico de los movimientos migratorios internacionales: ampliación y nuevas propuestas

Los movimientos migratorios constituyen uno de los mayores retos a los que se va a enfrentar el Mundo en los próximos años, tanto desde el punto de vista del país receptor, en el que pueden aparecer tensiones en los mercados laborales que deriven en problemas sociológicos y políticos, como para el país de salida, que puede registrar efectos positivos o negativos según sea la composición del flujo. En un trabajo anterior, presentado en la Reunión de Economía Mundial celebrada en La Coruña en abril de 2002, consideramos el fenómeno desde un punto de vista estrictamente económico, esto es, como la movilidad del factor de producción trabajo (o, si se prefiere, de capital humano), entre regiones (en el caso de los movimientos internacionales, entre países). Allí se examinaron las condiciones teóricas que llevan a que estos movimientos se produzcan, así como las consecuencias para los países receptores. Partiendo del sistema imperante de regulación de los flujos, se examinaron de manera muy sencilla las pérdidas de eficiencia a las que daría lugar, y se analizaron las consecuencias sobre el bienestar de su sustitución por modelos económicamente más racionales. En el presente trabajo avanzamos en la línea del anterior, examinando, en primer lugar, las grandes cifras de la emigración en España, con objeto de presentar una idea de la magnitud del objeto de estudio, para pasar, posteriormente, a discernir los posibles determinantes, a nivel empírico, de las salidas y llegadas de trabajadores a nuestro país. Finalmente, se discuten los efectos teóricos de la llegada de emigrantes, y se propone una regulación alternativa a la actual, en línea con la esbozada en el trabajo presentado en A Coruña, discutiendo su aplicabilidad

Recensiones [Revista de Historia Económica Año XVI Primavera-Verano 1998 n. 2 pp. 573-606]

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaJuan E. Gelabert. La bolsa del Rey. Rey, reino y fisco en Castilla (1598-1648) (Por Francisco Comín).-- Ángel García Sanz y Jesús Sanz Fernández (eds.). Reformas y políticas agrarias en la historia de España (de la Ilustración al primer franquismo) (Por Rafael Serrano García).-- Jean-Yves Grenier. L'économie d'Ancien Regime. Un monde de l'éxchange et de l'incertitude (Por María Teresa Pérez Picazo).-- J. Bottin y N. Pellegrin (eds.). Échanges et cultures textiles dans l'Europe préindustrielle (Por Hilario Casado Alonso).-- Martin Baumeister. Campesinos sin tierra. Supervivencia y resistencia en Extremadura (1880-1923) (Por Juan García Pérez).-- Arantzazu Galarza. Los orígenes del empresario vasco. Creación de sociedades e inversión de capital, Bilbao (1850-1882) (Por Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez).-- Ignacio Goenage. Estado actual y porvenir de la industria minero-metalúrgica de Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Navarra y Santander (Por Hilario Rodríguez de Gracia).-- Santiago de Luxán Meléndez y José Luis Quesada González. Atlantis Publicidad, 1945-1995. Historia de una empresa familiar (Por Montserrat Gárate Ojanguren).-- Sandra Kuntz Ficker y Paolo Riguzzi (coords.). Ferrocarriles y vida económica en México (1850-1950) (Por Juan Carlos Sola Corbacho).-- Rory Miller. Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries (Por Raúl García Hera)Publicad

Characterization of individuals at high risk of developing melanoma in Latin America: bases for genetic counseling in melanoma

PURPOSE: CDKN2A is the main high-risk melanoma-susceptibility gene, but it has been poorly assessed in Latin America. We sought to analyze CDKN2A and MC1R in patients from Latin America with familial and sporadic multiple primary melanoma (SMP) and compare the data with those for patients from Spain to establish bases for melanoma genetic counseling in Latin America. METHODS: CDKN2A and MC1R were sequenced in 186 Latin American patients from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay, and in 904 Spanish patients. Clinical and phenotypic data were obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 24 and 14% of melanoma-prone families in Latin America and Spain, respectively, had mutations in CDKN2A. Latin American families had CDKN2A mutations more frequently (P = 0.014) than Spanish ones. Of patients with SMP, 10% of those from Latin America and 8.5% of those from Spain had mutations in CDKN2A (P = 0.623). The most recurrent CDKN2A mutations were c.-34G>T and p.G101W. Latin American patients had fairer hair (P = 0.016) and skin (P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of MC1R variants (P = 0.003) compared with Spanish patients. CONCLUSION: The inclusion criteria for genetic counseling of melanoma in Latin America may be the same criteria used in Spain, as suggested in areas with low to medium incidence, SMP with at least two melanomas, or families with at least two cases among first- or second-degree relatives.Genet Med 18 7, 727-736

Algunos resultados de la aplicación del nuevo Plan de Estudios

Este dossier coordinado por Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra contiene los siguientes artículos: La inclusa de Madrid; El protocolo 258 y Madrid hacia 1562; Evolución de dos casas panadería en el Madrid de la época moderna; Canencia: un ejercicio de demografía histórica.Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0Peer reviewe

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics