15 research outputs found

    Morphological integration and modularity in skulls of the Rhinella granulosa species group

    No full text
    Os conceitos e métodos provindos das teorias de integração morfológica e de genética quantitativa formam o arcabouço teórico para o estudo da evolução de estruturas complexas, compostas de múltiplos caracteres que interagem entre si. Nesse trabalho, utilizamos o crânio como modelo de estrutura complexa e estudamos sua diversificação nas espécies de sapo do grupo Rhinella granulosa. As perguntas do trabalho foram: (1) A organização da (co)variação é similar entre as espécies?; (2) A organização da (co)variação é modular nas espécies, conforme expectativas baseadas em desenvolvimento ou função?; (3) Fatores externos, como filogenia e clima, estruturam a similaridade no padrão de covariação entre as espécies?; (4) A diversificação da morfologia média do crânio se deu por deriva ou seleção natural?; (5) A divergência na morfologia média do crânio está associada à variação climática entre as espécies?; e finalmente (6) Restrições evolutivas atuaram na divergência entre as espécies? Os espécimes foram escaneados e validamos o uso de imagens 3D para a mensuração de 21 distâncias lineares. Os crânios das espécies foram representados como matrizes fenotípicas (P) de covariância e de correlação entre as distâncias. A similaridade entre as P das espécies é alta. As P de todas as espécies se conformam a um padrão modular compatível com interações funcionais entre ossos. As diferenças entre as P concentram-se no rostro e são associadas a diferenças no clima entre as espécies. Detectamos sinal de seleção natural nos nós mais basais da filogenia e variação local no crânio está associada à variação na sazonalidade da chuva entre as espécies. Restrições evolutivas atuaram na diversificação do crânio das espécies, defletindo as respostas evolutivas para tamanho. Concluímos que tanto seleção estabilizadora e direcional, conectadas à variação climática, quanto restrições evolutivas atuaram na diversificação do crânio das espéciesConcepts and methods within the theories of morphological integration and quantitative genetics characterize the foundation to study the evolution of complex structures, composed of several traits that interact with each other. In this work, we used the skull as a model of complex structure and we studied its diversification in toad species belonging to the Rhinella granulosa group. The questions addressed were: (1) Is the (co)variance structure similar across species?; (2) Is the (co)variance structure modular in the species, and compatible with developmental or functional interactions among traits?; (3) Do external factors, such as phylogeny and climate, structure the similarity in covariance pattern across species?; (4) Was the diversification of skull mean morphology driven by drift or natural selection?; (5) Is skull divergence associated to climatic variation across species?; and finally, (6) Is there a role for evolutionary constraints in species skull divergence? We scanned all specimens and we validated the use of 3D images to measure 21 linear distances. The skull was represented as covariance and correlation phenotypic matrices (P) among distances. P similarity is very high among species. All species\' P had a modular pattern compatible with functional interactions among bones. Differences in P were concentrated in the snout and associated to differences in climate across species. We detected a selection signal in the three most basal nodes of the phylogeny and local variation in the skull is explained by between-species variation in precipitation seasonality. Evolutionary constraints played a major role in species skull diversification, biasing evolutionary responses towards the direction of size. We conclude that stabilizing and directional selection, connected to climatic variation, as well as evolutionary constraints, acted in species skull diversificatio

    Phenotypic accommodation and genetic accommodation: evidence and unresolved issues in macroevolution

    Get PDF
    Novos conceitos relacionados à plasticidade de desenvolvimento, como acomodação fenotípica e acomodação genética, estão sendo debatidos e empiricamente testados quanto à sua participação em macroevolução. A acomodação fenotípica consiste de uma reorganização de múltiplos caracteres do fenótipo, sem qualquer alteração genética. A acomodação genética pode se seguir à fenotípica, sendo um processo de mudança na frequência de alelos que determinam a plasticidade de desenvolvimento, em uma população submetida à seleção natural. A hipótese de promoção de especiação por acomodação genética é parcialmente suportada em populações naturais e mecanismos de desenvolvimento desse fenômeno foram recentemente revelados. A proposta de origem de novidades evolutivas por acomodação fenotípica de estímulos ambientalmente induzidos sofre muita resistência, sendo pouco testada e permanecendo como uma questão não resolvida.The role of new concepts related to developmental plasticity, such as phenotypic accommodation and genetic accommodation, in macroevolution is the focus of several recent studies. Phenotypic accommodation is a multiple phenotypic character’s reorganization, induced by new developmental stimulus, but without genetic change. Genetic accommodation might follow, consisting of a developmental plasticity’s allele frequency change, prompted by natural selection. Speciation induced by genetic accommodation is partially supported in natural populations and some of its mechanisms have been revealed. Phenotypic accommodation of environmentallyinduced stimuli, originating evolutionary novelties, is a poor-accepted and rarely tested hypothesis, remaining as an unresolved issue

    Temperature-related phenotypic plasticity of Rhinella tadpoles (Anura:Bufonidae) from the Brazilian Caatinga and Atlantic rain forest

    No full text
    A manutenção de espécies de anfíbios anuros na caatinga, um bioma que sofre um processo de aridificação, suscita perguntas sobre quais aspectos fisiológicos e evolutivos estão envolvidos nesse contexto. O argumento de que a plasticidade fenotípica permite que uma população sobreviva perante mudanças ambientais parece uma explicação plausível. A temperatura e sua variação foram eleitas como representativas da alteração ambiental, tendo como referência os valores correspondentes da floresta atlântica. Essa comparação fundamentou-se na evidência de que a caatinga assemelhava-se a uma floresta úmida antes da aridificação. Utilizamos como marco teórico um trabalho central de Smith-Gill e Berven (1979), que mostrou que a sensibilidade térmica da diferenciação é maior que a do crescimento em larvas de anuros. A hipótese central foi que a plasticidade de desenvolvimento da espécie Rhinella granulosa, presente na caatinga, é maior que das espécies Rhinella ornata e Rhinella icterica, habitantes da floresta atlântica. O método principal foi de comparar normas de reação térmicas de taxa de crescimento, tempo de desenvolvimento, massa na metamorfose e temperatura crítica máxima (TCMax) das espécies. Para isso, regimes térmicos foram simulados em laboratório a fim de representarem microhabitats típicos da floresta e da caatinga. A interação entre moda e variação da temperatura foi significativa para as espécies Rhinella ornata e Rhinella icterica. As espécies de floresta foram muito plásticas. Quando submetidas a regimes típicos da caatinga, apresentaram um aumento de duas vezes da taxa média de crescimento e um terço do tempo médio de desenvolvimento, em comparação com regimes de floresta. As larvas apresentaram variação individual de sensibilidade térmica, sendo que uma parte da amostra não seguiu a regra de Smith-Gill e Berven (1979), apresentando sensibilidade da diferenciação similar a do desenvolvimento. Como conseqüência, mantiveram sua massa na metamorfose canalizada em 0,25g mesmo diante de maiores picos de temperatura. A TCMax foi maior para R. granulosa, porém menos plástica que das espécies de floresta. Os resultados não corroboraram a nossa hipótese, uma vez que as espécies de floresta parecem ser mais plásticas que a espécie da caatinga.The lasting presence of anuran amphibian species in the Caatinga, an environment that has been undergoing a desertification process, raises questions regarding the physiological and evolutionary aspects involved. The argument that phenotypic plasticity allows for the survival of populations in face of environmental changes seems to provide a plausible explanation. Temperature and its variation were elected as representatives of the desertification process. Based on the evidence that the Caatinga was originally a humid forest, correspondent values for the Atlantic forest were used as reference for comparison. The theoretical framework adopted assumes that the thermal sensitivity of differentiation in anuran larvae is higher than growth sensitivity (Smith-Gill and Berven, 1979). Our main hypothesis was that the developmental plasticity of the Caatinga species Rhinella granulosa is greater than those of Atlantic forest species Rhinella ornata and Rhinella icterica. We compared thermal reaction norms of growth rate, development time, metamorphic mass and critical thermal maxima (CTMax) for each species. Larvae were submitted to thermal regimes typical of the Caatinga and the Atlantic forest. A significant interaction between thermal mode and variation was detected for both Rhinella ornata and Rhinella icterica. Forest species appeared very plastic. When submitted to Caatinga thermal regimes, they displayed double growth rate and a third of development time in comparison to when they were submitted to Atlantic forest thermal regimes. The larvae presented individual variation in thermal sensitivity. Indeed, a fraction of the sample did not follow Smith-Gill and Bervens rule and displayed thermal sensitivity of differentiation similar to growth sensitivity. As a consequence, they maintained their metamorphic mass canalized at 0,25g in face of higher temperatures. Although Rhinella granulosa\'s CTMax was higher than for the forest species, it presented less plasticity. The results have not supported our hypothesis as the Atlantic forest species seems more plastic than the Caatinga species

    Data from: Evolution of a complex phenotype with biphasic ontogeny: contribution of development versus function and climatic variation to skull modularity in toads

    No full text
    The theory of morphological integration and modularity predicts that if functional correlations among traits are relevant to mean population fitness, the genetic basis of development will be molded by stabilizing selection to match functional patterns. Yet, how much functional interactions actually shape the fitness landscape is still an open question. We used the anuran skull as a model of a complex phenotype for which we can separate developmental and functional modularity. We hypothesized that functional modularity associated to functional demands of the adult skull would overcome developmental modularity associated to bone origin at the larval phase because metamorphosis would erase the developmental signal. We tested this hypothesis in toad species of the Rhinella granulosa complex using species phenotypic correlation pattern (P-matrices). Given that the toad species are distributed in very distinct habitats and the skull has important functions related to climatic conditions, we also hypothesized that differences in skull trait covariance pattern are associated to differences in climatic variables among species. Functional and hormonal-regulated modules are more conspicuous than developmental modules only when size variation is retained on species P-matrices. Without size variation, there is a clear modularity signal of developmental units, but most species have the functional model as the best supported by empirical data without allometric size variation. Closely related toad species have more similar climatic niches and P-matrices than distantly related species, suggesting phylogenetic niche conservatism. We infer that the modularity signal due to embryonic origin of bones, which happens early in ontogeny, is blurred by the process of growth that occurs later in ontogeny. We suggest that the species differing in the preferred modularity model have different demands on the orbital functional unit and that species contrasting in climate are subjected to divergent patterns of natural selection associated to neurocranial allometry and T3 hormone regulation

    Phenotypic matrices with size variation

    No full text
    Pearson product-moment correlation matrices of all toad species for the 21 linear distances

    Modularity models for P-matrices without isometry

    No full text
    Description of modularity models used to test P-matrices without isometric size variation. May be used as argument 'mod' in 'EMMLi' R function

    Definition of each developmental, hormonal and functional unit

    No full text
    Data frame describing which distances belong to each developmental, hormonal or functional unit. 1 for distances that belong to the unit and 0 for distances that do not belong to the unit. May be used as the argument 'modularity.hypot' in the function 'TestModularity' of the 'evolqg' R package

    List of covariance matrices of all toad species

    No full text
    List of residual covariance matrices for the 21 linear distances extracted from toad skull. The matrices were constructed using residuals of multivariate linear models controlling for sex and locality. This list can be read in R using load('cov.list_data'). To construct correlation matrices, use lapply(cov.list, cov2cor)

    Modularity models for P-matrices with size variation

    No full text
    Data frame describing the modularity models used to test P-matrices with size variation. May be used as argument 'mod' in the 'EMMLi' function in R

    Modularity models for P-matrices without allometry

    No full text
    Description of modularity models used to test P-matrices without allometric size variation. May be used as argument 'mod' in 'EMMLi' R function
    corecore