Postawy rodziców wobec dzieci z orzeczeniem o potrzebie kształcenia specjalnego

The paper presents the considerations on parents’ attitudes towards children with disabilities. The authors examine the classifications of parental attitudes which appear in the scholarly literature. Then the research results are presented. The research was carried out among parents of children with a statement of special educational needs by using a diagnostic survey with a Parental Attitudes Scale by Mieczyslaw Plopa. The main problem of the research project was what the attitudes of parents towards children with a statement of special educational needs are. It was found that the parents are more often characterized by desirable thaninadequate parenting attitudes in the following scales: acceptance – rejection inconsistency, excessive requirement and autonomy but in the scale of over-protection relatively more parents are characterized by undesirable than the right attitude. It was also proved that parental attitudes vary depending on the type of disability and age of the child, as well as gender, parent’s education, place of living, and the type of school where the child attends. The results also indicate that the sex of the child, the number of offspring, and family structure do not affect parental attitudes presented. The analysis shows the presence of a relatively high intensity of parental attitudes towards desirable among parents of children with a statement of special educational needs. It also points to the large differences in the attitudes presented in the study group. Taking the variables into account might allow a better understanding of the situation of families with children with disabilities and ultimately the choice of adequate support to fulfill their needs.W artykule przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące postaw rodziców wobec dzieci z niepełnosprawnością. Przeanalizowano typologie postaw rodzicielskich, pojawiające się w literaturze naukowej. Następnie zaprezentowano własne badania, przeprowadzone metodą sondażu diagnostycznego za pomocą Skali Postaw Rodzicielskich Mieczysława Plopy wśród 268-osobowej grupy rodziców dzieci z orzeczeniem o potrzebie kształcenia specjalnego. Główny problem badawczy projektu brzmiał: Jakie są postawy wychowawcze, które preferują rodzice dzieci z orzeczeniem o potrzebie kształcenia specjalnego? Stwierdzono, że badani rodzice częściej przejawiają pożądane niż niewłaściwe postawy wychowawcze w następujących skalach: akceptacja – odrzucenie, niekonsekwencja, nadmierne wymaganie i autonomia, jednakże w skali nadmierne ochranianie stosunkowo więcej rodziców cechuje się postawą niepożądaną niż właściwą. Ustalono, że postawy rodziców różnią się w zależności od typu niepełnosprawności i wieku dziecka, a także płci, wykształcenia rodzica, miejsce zamieszkania oraz typu szkoły, do której uczęszcza dziecko. Wyniki wskazują ponadto, iż płeć dziecka, ilość potomstwa oraz struktura rodziny nie wpływają na prezentowane postawy rodziców. Przeprowadzona analiza dowodzi występowania stosunkowo dużego nasilenia postaw w kierunku pożądanym u rodziców dzieci z orzeczeniem o potrzebie kształcenia specjalnego, ale wskazuje również na duże zróżnicowanie w zakresie prezentowanych postaw w badanej grupie. Wzięcie pod uwagę badanych zmiennych pozwolić może na lepsze zrozumienie sytuacji rodzin z dziećmi z niepełnosprawnością i ostatecznie dobór adekwatnego do ich potrzeb wsparcia

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Variable contexts of early school education

In this work, the plate bending formulation of the boundary element method - BEM, based on the Reissner's hypothesis, is extended to the analysis of plates reinforced by beams taking into account the membrane effects. The formulation is derived by assuming a zoned body where each sub-region defines a beam or a slab and all of them are represented by a chosen reference surface. Equilibrium and compatibility conditions are automatically imposed by the integral equations, which treat this composed structure as a single body. In order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom, the problem values defined on the interfaces are written in terms of their values on the beam axis. Initially are derived separated equations for the bending and stretching problems, but in the final system of equations the two problems are coupled and can not be treated separately. Finally are presented some numerical examples whose analytical results are known to show the accuracy of the proposed model

Temperature dependence of the energy gap in Cd1-xFexSe

The energy gap and magnetic susceptibility of Cdo.85Feo.15 were measured in function of temperature. Experiments showed that the magnetic contribution to the variation of the energy gap in Cd1-xFexSe is not proportional to the product of magnetic susceptibility and temperature as it has been observed in Mn++ -containing semiconductor

Adjusting the Magnetic Properties of ZrO2:Mn Nanocrystals by Changing Hydrothermal Synthesis Conditions

The aim of the present work was to study the magnetic properties of ZrO2(Mn) nanocrystals prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis using three different precursors: KMnO4, MnCl2, and Mn(NO3)2. The structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction. The morphology of the samples was studied by using STEM microscopy. The magnetic properties were studied by means of alternating current (AC) susceptibility (at a small AC magnetic field with amplitude not exceeding 5 Oe) and direct current (DC) magnetization (up to 9 T). All of the samples demonstrated Curie–Weiss behavior at higher temperatures with negative values of the Curie–Weiss temperature θ. It was shown that the conditions of the synthesis, e.g., pH and the type of precursor, can be adjusted to decrease the value of the Curie–Weiss temperature and reduce antiferromagnetic interactions

L’analyse des traits de la bipolarité des étudiants des écoles artistiques et polytechniques

Background. The aim of the research was to assess the prevalence of the bipolar spectrum features among students of a variety of faculties, by dividing them arbitrarily into ‘art’ or ‘technology’ cohorts. Material and methods. 120 subjects were examined, including 57 students of arts, and 63 students of technology. The tools used included a basic socio-demographic questionnaire and the Hirschfeld Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Results. The bipolar spectrum features (as identified by the MDQ responses) were significantly more prevalent among the students of arts, as compared to the students of technology (28.2% vs. 4.8%, p≤0.001; OR=7.8; CI 95%: 2.13–28.51; p≤0.01). Moreover, in comparison to the students of technology, the students of arts were more likely to: 1) report mood patterns of intermittent ‘highs’ and ‘lows’ (49.1% vs. 15.9%, p≤0.0001; OR=5.11; CI 95%: 2.18–11.99; p≤0.001); 2) seek for psychiatric or psychological support (12.3% vs. 1.5%; p≤0.05; OR=5.2; CI 95%: 1.79–15.21; p≤0.01); 3) have a history of utilisation of psychotropic medications (31% vs. 7.9%, p≤0.001; OR = 8.7; CI 95%: 1.03–72.9; p≤0.05). They were also more likely to use psychoactive substances (other than alcohol). Conclusions. The considerable prevalence of the bipolarity features (as measured by the MDQ), combined with higher prevalence of intermittent periods of elevated or depressed mood, higher likelihood of seeking for psychiatric or psychological treatment, and higher prevalence of using psychoactive medications/substances in the cohort of the students of arts indicate a significant association between artistic talents and creativity, and the bipolar spectrum disorders

Biologically Active Compounds of Plants: Structure-Related Antioxidant, Microbiological and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Carboxylic Acids

Natural carboxylic acids are plant-derived compounds that are known to possess biological activity. The aim of this review was to compare the effect of structural differences of the selected carboxylic acids (benzoic acid (BA), cinnamic acid (CinA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), caffeic acid (CFA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and chicoric acid (ChA)) on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. The studied compounds were arranged in a logic sequence of increasing number of hydroxyl groups and conjugated bonds in order to investigate the correlations between the structure and bioactivity. A review of the literature revealed that RA exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and this property decreased in the following order: RA > CFA ~ ChA > p-CA > CinA > BA. In the case of antimicrobial properties, structure-activity relationships were not easy to observe as they depended on the microbial strain and the experimental conditions. The highest antimicrobial activity was found for CFA and CinA, while the lowest for RA. Taking into account anti-cancer properties of studied NCA, it seems that the presence of hydroxyl groups had an influence on intermolecular interactions and the cytotoxic potential of the molecules, whereas the carboxyl group participated in the chelation of endogenous transition metal ions