56 research outputs found
An investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extracts
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a standardized Orthosiphon stamineus methanol:water (50:50 vol/vol) leaf extract (SEOS) were evaluated in animal models. Oral administration of SEOS at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly reduced the hind paw edema in rats at 3 and 5 hours after carrageenan administration (P < .01 and P < .01; P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). SEOS (1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) also produced significant (P < .05) analgesic activity in both the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced licking test (late phase) in mice and rats, respectively. However, SEOS showed no effect on the tail flick and hot plate tests in mice. The results of the present study support the proposal that O. stamineus has anti-inflammatory and non-narcotic analgesic activities. These findings justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain and inflammation
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Methanol Extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Leaf in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum), a plant belonging to Myrtaceae, is widely
used in Indonesian and Malaysian cuisines. Diabetic patients in Indonesia also commonly
use it as a traditional medicine. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the
antihyperglycemic effect of the methanol extract (ME) of S. polyanthum leaf and its possible
mechanisms of action. To test for hypoglycemic activity, ME was administered orally to
normal male Sprague Dawley rats after a 12-h fast. To further test for antihyperglycemic
activity, the same treatment was administered to glucose-loaded (intraperitoneal glucose
tolerance test, IPGTT) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, respectively.
Hypoglycemic test in normal rats did not show significant reduction in blood glucose
levels (BGLs) by the extract. Furthermore, IPGTT conducted on glucose-loaded normal
rats also did not show significant reduction of BGLs. However, repeated administration of
metformin and three doses of ME (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) for six days caused significant
reduction of fasting BGLs in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The possible mechanisms of
action of S. polyanthum antihyperglycemic activity were assessed by measurement of
intestinal glucose absorption and glucose uptake by isolated rat abdominal muscle
Anti-diabetic activity-guided screening of aqueous-ethanol Moringa oleifera extracts and fractions: Identification of marker compounds
Purpose: To explore the anti-diabetic effects of Moringa oleifera extracts and fractions, and to identify their active/marker compounds.Methods: Five different aqueous ethanol extracts (95, 75, 50, 25 %v/v and 100 % water) of Moringa oleifera were given orally to normal rats to assess their hypoglycemic activities and effect on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) data. Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were used to assess acute and sub-chronic anti-hyperglycemic activities. The most active extract was further subjected to liquid-liquid fractionation into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water; these fractions were screened for anti-diabetic activities. The most active extract, and fractions thereof, were then subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Standardization was achieved via thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and used to identify marker compounds.Results: Of all the extracts and fractions, 95 % (v/v) ethanol extract (at 1,000 mg/kg) and the butanol fraction thereof (at 500 mg/kg) were the most active, reducing blood glucose concentration after onetime (acute) administration to diabetic rats (p < 0.01). No significant hypoglycemic activity was apparent, and the materials had no effect on IPGTT performance by normal rats. TLC and HPLC identified quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and cryptochlorogenic acid.Conclusion: An M. oleifera leaf extract exhibited anti-hyperglycaemic activity in diabetic rats only. This effect was likely attributable to cryptochlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-Oglucoside. Keywords: Anti-diabetic, Moringa oleifera, Cryptochlorogenic acid, Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, Streptozotoci
Evaluation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of 50% Ethanolic Standardized Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
In the present study, a 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was tested for its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In vivo assays of the extract (containing 1.02%, 3.76%, and 3.03% of 3′hydroxy-5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin, resp.) showed that it possessed an inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in normal rats loaded with starch and sucrose. The results showed that 1000 mg/kg of the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus significantly () decreased the plasma glucose levels of the experimental animals in a manner resembling the effect of acarbose. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, only the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract showed significantly () lower plasma glucose levels after starch loading. Hence, α-glucosidase inhibition might be one of the mechanisms by which O. stamineus extract exerts its antidiabetic effect. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus can be considered as a potential agent for the management of diabetes mellitus
Overview of Antagonists Used for Determining the Mechanisms of Action Employed by Potential Vasodilators with Their Suggested Signaling Pathways
This paper is a review on the types of antagonists and the signaling mechanism pathways
that have been used to determine the mechanisms of action employed for vasodilation by test
compounds. Thus, we exhaustively reviewed and analyzed reports related to this topic published in
PubMed between the years of 2010 till 2015. The aim of this paperis to suggest the most appropriate
type of antagonists that correspond to receptors that would be involved during the mechanistic
studies, as well as the latest signaling pathways trends that are being studied in order to determine
the route(s) that atest compound employs for inducing vasodilation. The methods to perform
the mechanism studies were included. Fundamentally, the affinity, specificity and selectivity of
the antagonists to their receptors or enzymes were clearly elaborated as well as the solubility and
reversibility. All the signaling pathways on the mechanisms of action involved in the vascular tone
regulation have been well described in previous review articles. However, the most appropriate
antagonists that should be utilized have never been suggested and elaborated before, hence the
reason for this review
Antioxidant and toxicity studies of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus benth.
The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity and potential toxicity of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (Lamiaceae) leaves (MEOS) after acute and subchronic administration in rats. Superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extract. In acute toxicity study, single dose of MEOS, 5000 mg/kg, was administered to rats by oral gavage, and the treated rats were monitored for 14 days. While in the subchronic toxicity study, MEOS was administered orally, at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. From the results, MEOS showed good superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and antilipid peroxidation activities. There was no mortality detected or any signs of toxicity in acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in bodyweight, relative organ weight, and haematological and biochemical parameters between both male and female treated rats in any doses tested. No abnormality of internal organs was observed between treatment and control groups. The oral lethal dose determined was more than 5000 mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of MEOS for both male and female rats is considered to be 5000 mg/kg per day
Antioxidant and Toxicity Studies of 50% Methanolic Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth
The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity and potential toxicity of 50% methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus
(Lamiaceae) leaves (MEOS) after acute and subchronic administration in rats. Superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical
scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extract. In acute toxicity
study, single dose of MEOS, 5000mg/kg, was administered to rats by oral gavage, and the treated rats were monitored for 14
days. While in the subchronic toxicity study, MEOS was administered orally, at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000mg/kg/day for 28
days. From the results, MEOS showed good superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating,
and antilipid peroxidation activities. There was no mortality detected or any signs of toxicity in acute and subchronic toxicity
studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in bodyweight, relative organ weight, and haematological and biochemical
parameters between bothmale and female treated rats in any doses tested.No abnormality of internal organs was observed between
treatment and control groups.Theoral lethal dose determined wasmore than 5000mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level
(NOAEL) of MEOS for both male and female rats is considered to be 5000mg/kg per day
7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one
The title compound, C10H8O4, is one of the coumarins existing in Morinda citrifolia L (Noni). The chromenone ring system is approximately planar with a maximum deviation of 0.0208 (14) Å. The methoxy group does not deviate from this plane [C—O—C—C torsion angle = −1.5 (3)°], indicating that the whole molecule is almost planar. In the crystal packing, intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains. These are further connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds
Garis panduan perancangan bandar berdaya tahan bencana (disaster resilient cities) di Malaysia
The policy paper addresses the formulation of environmental disaster resilient index for several selected cities in Malaysia. The nation presently highly emphasizes the need for having an appropriate management system for disaster risk strategies in its 11th year Plan (2016-2020). This is parallel with the aspiration of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030), that gives signal to the global reduction in the events of disasters by 2030. In this regards, this paper highlights the analysis of Climate Disaster Resilient Index (CDRI) for environmental components in relation to to the environmental related issues: coastal erosion, landslide, sea level rise, and flash flood. The result for CDRI was obtained via conducting a FGD with relevant technical agencies. The mapping of CDRI indicates the level of resilence in the context of environmental condition
Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga. METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed using the cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats, whereby the levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in the animals' blood. In addition, the levels of interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide were measured in vitro using the human macrophage cell line (U937). The analgesic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed by the tail flick assay in rats. The anti-angiogenic effects were evaluated first by the rat aortic ring assay and, subsequently, by assessing the inhibitory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate on vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS: Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited granuloma tissue formation in rats. It prolonged the tail flick time in rats by more than two-fold compared with the control animals. The inhibition of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor by ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate was significant in both in vivo and in vitro models; however, only a moderate inhibition of nitric oxide was observed in macrophages. Furthermore, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate considerably inhibited microvessel sprouting from the rat aorta. These mechanistic studies showed that ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited the differentiation and migration of endothelial cells, which was further confirmed by the reduced level of vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION: Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate exhibits significant anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis, thus inhibiting the main functions of endothelial cells. Thus, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory and angiogenesis-related diseases
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