Leachate treatment using limestone and subsurface flow constructed wetland

Leachate is a complex and highly polluted wastewater which produced from solid waste in landfill. Leachate has high content of heavy metals, chlorides, organic nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate and high in organic matters and inorganic ion concentrations. Due to the concentration of leachate that highly polluted, the treatment process is very complicated, expensive and generally requires multiple processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the combination of limestone and subsurface flow constructed wetland in treating a landfill leachate. Size of limestone that has been used in the limestone filter was 5mm to 12mm while type of plant used in the subsurface flow constructed wetland was common cattail (Typha Latjfolia). Sample of raw leachate was collected from Jerangau-Jabor Landfill, Kuantan. There are several parameters considered in this study which are BOD5 , COD, TSS, ammoniacal nitrogen and heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr). In addition, the treatment processes conducted in two modes which are hourly treatment mode and daily treatment mode. Based on the analysis, the combination of limestone and subsurface flow constructed wetland are effective in treating leachate. The percentage removal; BOD 5 56.40/0, COD 97.7%, TSS 99.00/0, ammoniacal nitrogen 99.2% while for Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cr is 100%. Thus, these show that the treatment system is very efficient in removing contaminants in the landfill leachate

DESIGN AND MICROFABRICATION OF A CMOS-MEMS PIEZORESISTIVE ACCELEROMETER AND A NANO-NEWTON FORCE SENSOR

DESIGN AND MICROFABRICATION OF A CMOS-MEMS PIEZORESISTIVE ACCELEROMETER AND A NANO-NEWTON FORCE SENSOR by Mohd Haris Md Khir Adviser: Hongwei Qu, Ph.D. This thesis work consists of three aspects of research efforts: I. Design, fabrication, and characterization of a CMOS-MEMS piezoresistive accelerometer 2. Design, fabrication, and characterization of a CMOS-MEMS nano-Newton force sensor 3. Observer-based controller design of a nano-Newton force sensor actuator system A low-cost, high-sensitivity CMOS-MEMS piezoresistive accelerometer with large proof mass has been fabricated. Inherent CMOS polysilicon thin film was utilized as piezoresistive material and full Wheatstone bridge was constructed through easy wiring allowed by three metal layers in CMOS thin films. The device fabrication process consists of a standard CMOS process for sensor configuration and a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) based post-CMOS microfabrication for MEMS structure release. Bulk single-crystal silicon (SCS) substrate was included in the proof mass to increase sensor sensitivity. Using a low operating power of 1.67 m W, the sensitivity was measured as 30.7 mV/g after amplification and 0.077 mV/g prior to amplification. With a total noise floor of 1.03 mg!-!Hz, the minimum detectable acceleration is found to be 32.0 mg for a bandwidth of I kHz which is sufficient for many applications. The second device investigated in this thesis work is a CMOS-MEMS capacitive force sensor capable ofnano-Newton out-of-plane force measurement. Sidewall and fringe capacitance formed by the multiple CMOS metal layers were utilized and fully differential sensing was enabled by common-centroid wiring of the sensing capacitors. Single-crystal silicon (SCS) is incorporated in the entire sensing element for robust structures and reliable sensor deployment in force measurement. A sensitivity of 8 m V /g prior to amplification was observed. With a total noise floor of 0.63 mg!-IHz, the minimum detection acceleration is found to be 19.8 mg, which is equivalent to a sensing force of 449 nN. This work also addresses the design and simulation of an observer-based nonlinear controller employed in a CMOS-MEMS nano-Newton force sensor actuator system. Measurement errors occur when there are in-plane movements of the probe tip; these errors can be controlled by the actuators incorporated within the sensor. Observerbased controller is necessitated in real-world control applications where not all the state variables are accessible for on-line measurements. V

Smallholder acceptance towards technologies advancement in oil palm plantation: a case study in TSK Solok Pekat, Masjid Tanah, Melaka / Haris Iskandar Mohd Suhaimi

The impact of respondent’s acknowledgment alongside other level on reception of the prescribed palm oil innovation in TSK Solok Pekat, Masjid Tanah,Melaka is being studied. This study was carried out in order to determine the specific level that significantly influences adoption of recommended palm oil technology in the study area. The objective is to identify the level of awareness, affect and characteristic of adoption technology adoption in palm oil in study area. Simple random sampling procedure, (in conjunction with purposive and random sampling techniques) was used in selecting respondents for this study. Data were collected, using structured questionnaire, and analyzed, using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, correlation and chi-square analysis (3x4). Result revealed that the respondents that accepted the technology is 49 (63.1%) and that are not accept the technology are 31 with (38.8%). The study has reveal that adopter of suggested palm oil innovation had increment the respondent level of awareness. Respondents reported that the technologies were very affordable with the mean7.06, very compatible with mean 7.06 and complex with mean 8.91. The study revealed that there is a relationship between the acceptances of recommended technology with affect of adoption the recommended technology. The conclusion of technology acceptance can increase smallholder’s income, increase the quality of oil palm and easy for smallholder to use. Most respondents agree that oil palm technologies are very complex to use. For this reason, it is recommended that non-governmental agencies should assist the smallholder by give the speech about the good of using the technology

A study on the awareness on advokasi programs among the road users in Kota Kinabalu / Mohd. Haris Marsaling and Mohd Nas Hafiziee Abdullah

The purpose of this study were to examine public awareness towards ADVOKASI in Kota Kinabalu, relationship between JKJR roles and awareness of the public, relationship between JKJR roles and public attitude towards road safety, and relationship between public awareness towards road safety and public attitudes towards road safety. This study was done using self-developed questionnaire involving 250 road users within Kota Kinabalu. We found that the public awareness towards ADVOKASI programs was high, JKJR roles and awareness of the public was very high, JKJR roles and attitudes of the road user, and public awareness towards road safety and public attitudes towards road safety were moderate. From this study, we can conclude that the public awareness level of ADVOKASI programs was high and the public knows the roles played by JKJR which effecting their awareness level and attitudes towards road safety

Teacher's perception toward psychomotor assessment apply mutual adaption approach at junior school in Makassar, Indonesia

The main aim of this study was to ascertain teacher perception toward psychomotor learning assessment for junior school students in Makassar Indonesia based on the Mutual Adaptation Approach.This study employed a case study approach to investigate eight teachers who, were taking the physical education subject at eight different schools.The result revealed that the psychomotor assessment during the teaching session was a small number of teachers cannot use the Mutual Adaptation Approach in order to improve their assessment learning performance. in addition, this finding suggested that the Mutual Adaptation Approach is suitable as a standard tool for assessing curriculum implementation of the physical education subject especially for psychomotor

Micro Wind Turbine as the Power Supply for Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The objective of this project is to generate an uninterrupted power supply to operate the Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MUAV). MUAV is a small flying vehicle used for site observation since it is small, cheap and does not need a pilot to fly it. There are lots of energy sources can be extracted to produce energy to operate the MUAV. For instance, when the MUAV is flying at the high altitude, there are high speed wind, sunshine, vibration from the MUAV and many more sources of energy that should never been wasted

Study of modification of cellulose with hyperbranched polymers

Cellulose fibers were chemically modified by the oxidation of cotton fiber with sodium periodate and subsequent grafting with an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer. The effect of the influence of the oxidation conditions was evaluated by determining the aldehyde group content, tensile strength, yield loss and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In the absence of salt, the oxidized hyperbranched cotton fiber (OHCF) displayed a notable improvement in colour strength compared to the untreated cotton fiber. In order to achieve a more satisfactory result, a low-salt dyeing was carried out. Overall, good fastness properties of the dyed oxidized hyperbranched cotton fibers were obtained that are comparable to the conventional dyeing. The improvement in the measurement of colour strength indicates that the chemical modification of cellulose via periodate oxidation and grafting of the amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer was successfully implemented. It is concluded that amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer can be applied in reactive dyeing on cotton for the lowsalt dyeing auxiliary to improve the substantivity of cellulose towards reactive dyes. Hence, a more environmentally friendly dyeing process was achieved

Design and Investigate of Flushing System for Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Application

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is high precision machining process in which no actual contact between the workpiece and electrode during sparking. Dielectric fluid play a role as flushing medium and semiconductor between workpiece and electrode to stabilization and controlled spark gap ionization condition. In real condition, nozzle flushing system in EDM machine not able to complete remove debris formed during machining and affect the machining performance. Improper flushing due to lack of guideline at setup position of nozzle and inlet pressure caused low material removal rate, irregular tool and higher cost on raw material. To overcome this problem, the design and investigate of flushing system in EDM application is required. The design and investigation undergo by simulation of ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with a virtual experiment to accurate prediction of flushing performance. The influence of nozzle size and inlet pressure supplied on flushing efficiency were analyzed to avoid improper flushing on die-sinking EDM process. The simulation and experiments clarified that the higher inlet pressure, P=0.20 bar and larger nozzle diameter, D=6mm resulting in higher total pressure which is 2647.16 Pa. Furthermore, the streamline of velocity and eddy viscosity contour in the work tank using to analyze the turbulence zone by nozzle flushing obtained by the CFD analysis. The condition in case 5 (D=5mm, P=0.15 bar) is more efficiency on debris removal rate based on the result of high total pressure on machining zone and eddy viscosity contour showed the turbulence zone only formed area near to outlet of system. The model results have been shown good agreement with experiment and co-relation data

Collapsibility behaviour of ABS P400 and PMMA used as sacrificial pattern in direct investment casting process

The feasibility of the Investment Casting (IC) process has been choose to be vital route in producing the metal alloy products. However, less report regarding the feasibility of portable Additive Manufacturing (AM) machines to be employed in casting process. Sacrificial wax pattern in casting process has been substitute with the AM material due to its brittleness and higher cost for hard tooling. Due to this constrain, the quality of fabricated AM materials, collapsibility analysis and strain induce was investigated. The patterns were made using ABS P400 and PMMA materials by two different types of technique which are Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Polyjet technique. There were three different types of internal structures which are hollow, square and hexagon patterns. The thermal properties of the materials were studied by thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA) and linear thermal expansion. The collapsibility screening was determined to investigate the behavior of the patterns underneath the expansion. Apparently, patterns made by Polyjet technique shows better accuracy compare to FFF technique. It shows that, the PMMA error lies between -2.2 % until -0.63 % compared to ABS which is -2.4 % until 1.2% for hollow, square and hexagon patterns respectively. The data of the surface roughness were varies whereas internal structures does not play significant role in improving the surface roughness. From the strain analysis, it can be suggested that hexagon internal structure yield less stress compare to square patterns. In terms of collapsibility, hollow and hexagon patterns yield most successful warping whereas it indicates the patterns able to collapse underneath the expansion. Moreover, PMMA material tends to gain higher strain compared to ABS material whereas this can be illustrated by the graph of linear expansion. Nevertheless, to overcome the cracking of ceramic shell due to higher thermal expansion, different build layer thickness was adopted to overcome the issue