Perceived Barriers of Mothers in Use of Dental Floss for their 3-6-Year-Old Children:A Qualitative Study

Introduction:Flossing is the best and most common way to clean between teeth where plaque accumulation and gingivitis starts. However, many mothers neglect the flossing of their small children. The purpose of this study was to provide better understanding of perceived barriers of mothers in use of dental floss for their 3-6-year-old children. Method:This qualitative study examined the perceived barriers of 40 mothers of 3-6-year-old childrenutilizing qualitative content analysis approach. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling in Kamyaran, Iran, in 2014. Data were collected through conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The transcriptions of all interviews were analyzed by content analysis technique to extract main themes in regards to research questions. Results:Mothers’ perceived barriers were categorized into two main groups as mother and family member-related barriers (inappropriate attitudes, behaviors and skills, mental and emotional conditions, and knowledge) and child-related barriers (skill). Conclusion:The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding mothers’ barriers to help their children in flossing and emphasized the role of mothers and family members in establishing this oral health behavior in children fromearly years. It is suggested that comprehensive and effective oral health education programs should include modifying wrong, but important, assumptions and beliefs of parents regarding primary teeth and importance of healthy oral health behaviors. Keywords: Mothers’ perceived barriers, Dental floss, 3-6-year-old children, Qualitative researc

Mothers’ perceived barriers in the control of sweets consumption in 3-6 years old children; a qualitative study

Background and Aims: Consumption of sweets (snack foods) is one of the most important risk factors associated with dental decay. Children have a great interest in using snack foods. Most children, however, are disadvantaged of taking appropriate action by their parents to control their nutritional behaviors, because of various reasons. This study aimed to explore mothers’ perceived barriers in the control of sweets consumption by their children. Materials and Methods: The present qualitative study consisting of 40 mothers having 3-6 years old children was performed on Kamyaran residents in 2014 to evaluate their attitudes towards barriers in the control of sweets consumption. Participants were selected based on purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were exploited in order to data gathering. Transcriptions of all interviews were analyzed employing content analysis technique to extract main themes according to research questions. Before each interview mothers were informed regarding aim of research, interview style, freedom to leave the interview and the way interview content would be kept private.Results: The data analyzed suggests that it was possible to categorize mothers’ perceived barriers into three main themes including a) mother related barriers (lack of knowledge and inappropriate attitude), b) child related barriers (emotional status and inappropriate behavior) and c) family related barriers (culture and behavior of family members). Conclusion: It is hoped that the present research will broaden our understanding of perceived barriers of mothers which could be utilized for future quantitative researches and dental health educational programs.Key words: Perceived Barriers, Sweets Consumption, Dental Carie

Weak Wardowski contractive multivalued mappings and solvability of generalized phi-Caputo fractional snap boundary inclusions

In this paper, we introduce the notion of weak Wardowski contractive multivalued mappings and investigate the solvability of generalized '-Caputo snap boundary fractional differential inclusions. Our results utilize some existing results regarding snap boundary fractional differential inclusions. An example is given to illustrate the applicability of our main results

Migraine Types and Triggering Factors in Children

How to Cite this Article: Nejad Biglari H, Karimzadeh P, Mohammadi Kord-kheyli M, Hashemi SM. Migraine Types and Triggering Factors in Children. Iran J  Child Neurol 2012;6(2):33-38.Objective Migraine is a common problem in children and the mean prevalence of migraine in Europe among 170,000 adults was 14.7% (8% in men and 17.6% in women) and in children and youth (36,000 participants), the prevalences were (9.2% for all, 5.2% in boys and 9.1% in girls) and the lifetime prevalences were (16, 11 and 20%, respectively). To determine the epidemiology of migraine and evaluate migraine triggering factors in children. Materials & Methods Two-hundred twenty-eight children with a maximum age of 12 years who fulfilled the ICHD-II criteria for pediatric migraine were enrolled into the study. Results This study shows that migraine is slightly more common in boys and its peak incidence is between ages 8 and 12 and most patients have three to five headache attacks per month. The pain has a tightening, stabbing or vague quality in about 70% of children with migraine and bilateral headache is slightly more common. The common triggering factors in children migraine were stress, noise, sleeplessness, hunger and light and the common relieving factors were sleep, analgesics, silence, darkness and eating. Conclusion Migraine is a common problem in children with an equal incidence in boys and girls before adolescence and more common in girls after adolescence. ReferencesPowers SW, Andrasik F. Biobehavioral treatment, disability, and psychological effects of pediatric headache. Pediatr Ann 2005;34(6):461-5. Rosenblum RK, Fisher PG. A guide to children with acute and chronic headaches. J Pediatr Health Care 2001;15(5):229-35. Fallahzadeh H, Alihaydari M. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache among school children in Yazd, Iran. J Pediatr Neurosci 2011;6(2):106-9. Ayatollahi SM, Khosravi A. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache in primaryschool children in Shiraz. East Mediterr Health J 2006;12(6):809-17. Stovner LJ, Andree C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain 2010;11(4):289-99. Bille B. A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine. Cephalalgia 1997;17(4):488-91; discussion 487. Bille B. Migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia 1996;16(2):78. Bille B. Migraine in childhood and its prognosis. Cephalalgia 1981;1(2):71-5. Lewis DW, Ashwal S, Dahl G, Dorbad D, Hirtz D, Prensky A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation of children and adolescents with recurrent headaches: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2002;59(4):490-8. Shah UH, Kalra V. Pediatric migraine. Int J Pediatr 2009;2009:424192. Fukui PT, Gonçalves TR, Strabelli CG, Lucchino NM, Matos FC, Santos JP, et al. Trigger factors in migraine patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66(3A):494-9. Neut D, Fily A, Cuvellier JC, Vallée L. The prevalence of triggers in paediatric migraine: a questionnaire study in 102 children and adolescents. J Headache Pain 2012;13(1):61-5. Lewis DW, Diamond S, Scott D, Jones V. Prophylactic treatment of pediatric migraine. Headache 2004;44(3):230-7. Barabas G, Matthews WS, Ferrari M. Childhood migraine and motion sickness. Pediatrics 1983;72(2):188-90. Holguin J, Fenichel G. Migraine. J Pediatr 1967;70(2):290-7. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004;24 (Suppl 1):9-160

The Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Scar Management: Genetic and Epigenetic Landscapes

Background: Wound healing is a complex process including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling during which an orchestrated array of biological and molecular events occurs to promote skin regeneration. Abnormalities in each step of the wound healing process lead to reparative rather than regenerative responses, thereby driving the formation of cutaneous scar. Patients suffering from scars represent serious health problems such as contractures, functional and esthetic concerns as well as painful, thick, and itchy complications, which generally decrease the quality of life and impose high medical costs. Therefore, therapies reducing cutaneous scarring are necessary to improve patients’ rehabilitation. Summary: Current approaches to remove scars, including surgical and nonsurgical methods, are not efficient enough, which is in principle due to our limited knowledge about underlying mechanisms of pathological as well as the physiological wound healing process. Thus, therapeutic interventions focused on basic science including genetic and epigenetic knowledge are recently taken into consideration as promising approaches for scar management since they have the potential to provide targeted therapies and improve the conventional treatments as well as present opportunities for combination therapy. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in skin regenerative medicine through genetic and epigenetic approaches to achieve novel insights for the development of safe, efficient, and reproducible therapies and discuss promising approaches for scar management. Key Message: Genetic and epigenetic regulatory switches are promising targets for scar management, provided the associated challenges are to be addressed

Standardization of a trauma symptoms checklist for children

Background: The aim of this study was to standardize and assign validity and reliability of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC-A). Methods: Normative data for the TSCC-A were based on 3042 students participating in a prevalence child abuse study in 19 different locations of Tehran and 140 participants who had been refered to the run-away children centers in Tehran. After the TSCC was validated on run-away and abused children, it was made available to researchers doing larger studies on a normative group. Results: Reliability analysis of the TSCC-A scales in the normative sample demonstrated high internal consistency. The evidence for its validations (convergent, discriminant and construct validity) showed that they were significantly acceptable. Conclusion: This paper presents data demonstrating the psychometric reliability and validity of the TSCC-A scales in the Iranian student population. We suggest to include the TSCC-A in a battery of relevant standardized tests

Existence of Solutions for a System of Integral Equations Using a Generalization of Darbo’s Fixed Point Theorem

In this paper, an extension of Darbo’s fixed point theorem via θ -F-contractions in a Banach space has been presented. Measure of noncompactness approach is the main tool in the presentation of our proofs. As an application, we study the existence of solutions for a system of integral equations. Finally, we present a concrete example to support the effectiveness of our results.The authors are grateful to the Basque Government by the support of this work through Grant IT1207-19

Treatment of Hypertrophic Scar in Human with Autologous Transplantation of Cultured Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts along with Fibrin Glue

Objective: Hypertrophic scar involves excessive amounts of collagen in dermal layer and may be painful. Nowadays, we can’t be sure about effectiveness of procedure for hypertrophic scar management. The application of stem cells with natural scaffold has been the best option for treatment of burn wounds and skin defect, in recent decades. Fibrin glue (FG) was among the first of the natural biomaterials applied to enhance skin deformity in burn patients. This study aimed to identify an efficient, minimally invasive and economical transplantation procedure using novel FG from human cord blood for treatment of hypertrophic scar and regulation collagen synthesis. Materials and Methods: In this case series study, eight patients were selected with hypertrophic scar due to full-thickness burns. Human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from adult skin donors were isolated and cultured. They were tested for the expression of cytokeratin 14 and vimentin using immunocytochemistry. FG was prepared from pooled cord blood. Hypertrophic scars were extensively excised then grafted by simply placing the sheet of FG containing autologous fibroblast and keratinocytes. Histological analyses were performed using Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s Trichrome (MT) staining of the biopsies after 8 weeks. Results: Cultured keratinocytes showed a high level of cytokeratin 14 expression and also fibroblasts showed a high level of vimentin. Histological analyses of skin biopsies after 8 weeks of transplantation revealed re-epithelialization with reduction of hypertrophic scars in 2 patients. Conclusion: These results suggest may be the use of FG from cord blood, which is not more efficient than previous biological transporters and increasing hypertrophic scar relapse, but could lead to decrease pain rate