Contributing Factors to Under-Five Child Malnutrition in Rural Bangladesh

Background and objectives: Bangladesh has the highest malnutrition rates in the world. The main objective of this study is to identify and determine the main factors for child malnutrition among children under the age 5 years in rural Bangladesh. Material and methods: This research was conducted in rural areas at Meherpur district in Bangladesh. Convenience sampling method is used and 85 under 5 child information is collected through a structured questionnaire. The information’s of child’s are gathered from the mothers of the child. Malnourished children is measured by using APLS method and WHO Child Growth Standard Median Index. Binary logistic regression model is used to find out the key factors of malnutrition. Results: It is found that family income, maintain proper diet during pregnancy period, proper diet maintain for children have negative significant (p\u3c0.05) effect on child malnutrition. Conclusion: The magnitude of the child’s malnutrition still is of great concern in Bangladesh. Since, poverty, imbalanced diet during pregnancy period and imbalanced diet for under 5 children influences to malnutrition are significantly associated with high prevalence of malnutrition, so government and people should reduce these factor to reduce malnutrition in rural area of Bangladesh

Effect of gamma irradiation dose on the structure and pH sensitivity of ITO thin films in extended gate field effect transistor

Even though several studies have demonstrated the use of Indium Tin Oxides (ITO) as an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET), the effect of different doses of gamma radiation on the intrinsic properties of the ITO films has not been considered. This study investigates the effect of gamma irradiation on the structural, optical, morphological and electrical properties as well as pH sensitivity (as an extended gate field effect transistor) of ITO thin films. ITO thin films with thickness of 400 nm were prepared using a radio frequency sputtering technique. The samples were then subjected to various doses of gamma radiation from a Co-60 radio-isotope (0.5 kGy, 1 kGy, 1.5 kGy, and 2 kGy). The structural and morphological changes as well as transmission and absorption of the thin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and UV–Vis spectrophotometry, before and after irradiation. The irradiated ITO thin films were then used as an extended gate field effect transistor to determine its ability to improve sensitivity as pH sensors. The grain size and transmittance in the range 300–900 nm of the ITO films were found to decrease with increasing gamma irradiation dose. In contrast, the uniformity and surface roughness of ITO thin films increased with increasing gamma radiation dose due to the formation of lattice defects. Moreover, the electrical resistance of the thin films increased with increasing dose because of the low current density and high number of surface defects associated with irradiation. The pH sensitivity of the ITO thin films improved after irradiation, possibly due to the concomitant increase in surface roughness with increasing radiation dose. The improvements in the pH sensitivity of ITO thin films after irradiation justify their potential use as pH sensors. Keywords: Indium Tin Oxide, Thin films, Gamma irradiation, Optical band gap, X-ray diffraction, EGFET, pH senso

Impact of intermittent misfire and fire-through on the performance of full converter based WECS

The integration of wind turbines into modern power grids has significantly increased during the last decade. The wind turbine equipped with full converter based wind energy Conversion System (FCWECS) represented about 20.3% of the worldwide total wind capacity in 2003. Since FCWECS is equipped with a voltage source inverter (VSI), it is vulnerable that misfire and fire-through may occur within the VSI switches. In this paper, impact of these switching malfunctions on FCWECS performance is investigated and discussed. Detailed simulations of the system under study are carried out using Matlab/Simulink to highlight the influence of these converter internal faults on PCC voltage, DC link voltage and shaft speed, as well as generator active and reactive power. Furthermore, compliance of the FCWECS with Spain fault ride through (FRT) grid codes is also investigated

EVALUATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SCREW-RETAINED RETRIEVABLE CROWN VERSUS CONVENTIONAL CROWN DESIGN

Statement of problem: Removing cemented crowns is usually a complicated procedure that may lead to irreversible damage to the tooth/crown and mostly necessitate remake of crown with added effort for both patient and clinician. Purpose: This in-vitro study evaluated an experimental two-component, screw-retained retrievable crown design in comparison to the conventional design. Materials and methods: A total of 120 extracted maxillary 2nd premolars received root canal treatment and were divided into two groups (n=60 each) according to the crown design they will receive. Gp CC received a threaded modified post, a composite core and a metal coping, while Gp RC received a two-component retrievable crown design. Fracture resistance was assessed by a 90 degrees vertical load to the center of the occlusal surface, using universal testing machine, under a constant crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. Microleakage was assessed by placing specimens in methylene blue dye for 12 hours, sectioning the teeth longitudinally, and then examining the sectioned samples under stereomicroscope. Retrievability testing was conducted by 5 prosthodontists who attempted to uncover and unscrew the posts. Data were statistically evaluated using computer software (SPSS version 17; SPSS Inc.). Results: No significant difference between the 2 designs tested regarding microleakage tests (P=.34) whereas the experimental design, was significantly more resistant to fracture and more retrievable than the conventional one (P\u3e.5). Conclusions: The proposed retrievable crown design showed promising results and may be considered as an option to substitute the conventional design. Further studies are needed to confirm that

EFFECT OF LIGHT TRANSMITTING ABILITY OF FIBER POST ON BOND STRENGTH OF SELFADHESIVE RESIN CEMENT TO RADICULAR DENTINE

Aim: to investigate the effect of different light transmitting ability of two fiber posts systems on bond strength to the root canal dentine using dual cure self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and methods: 24 freshly extracted human premolars were decoronated and endodontically treated. Post spaces were prepared to a depth of 8 mm and width of 1.3 mm using manufacture’s supplied drills. Teeth were randomly classified into two main groups (n= 12) according to fiber post light transmission ability; group I; non-light transmitting fiber posts (NLT) (Reforpost, Angelus), group II; light transmitting fiber post (LT) (Exacto, Angelus). Both groups were cemented using self-adhesive resin cement (SpeedCEM, Ivoclar Vivadent). Using low speed saw (IsoMet, Buehler), a 2 mm thickness coronal, middle and apical sections were obtained from each sample. Then they were subjected to push out test using Instron machine (Lloyd Instruments Ltd) until failure. Data was collected and statistically analyzed. Results: the highest means in the coronal and middle parts was found, when using light transmitting fiber post, which scored (11.75, 10.30 MPa) compared with (6.51, 6.98 MPa) when using non-light transmitting group. One-way ANOVA among the groups revealed a significant difference between non-light and light transmitting fiber post. However, there is no significant difference on the middle and the coronal parts. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between non-light and light transmitting fiber post when all sections were added together. There is a reasonable doubt regarding the ability of light to reach more than 4 mm depth

Blood pressure and its associated factors: a comparative study among rural and urban adolescents in Bangladesh

Background: Hypertension in adolescents may lead to irreversible damages in vital organs, such as heart, brain, kidney and may cause death if treatments are not given despite early diagnosis. The aim of this study is to identify the status of blood pressure and its associated factors among adolescents.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. 810 adolescents of 8 schools and colleges in Chittagong district were collected by stratified cluster sampling technique. Ages of the respondents were 14 to 19. Status of Blood pressure and its associated factors in urban and rural area were the main outcome of interest.Results: The study found the significant difference in physical activities and overweight statistics between urban and rural adolescents (P<0.001). Obesity was found only in the urban area that was 1.2%. The mean systolic blood pressure (114.53 mmHg, 110.61 mmHg) and mean diastolic blood pressure (69.87 mmHg, 68.58 mmHg) of boys and girls in urban respondents were more than rural (109.79 mmHg, 68.97 mmHg and 105.02 mmHg, 67.941 mmHg respectively) and was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean SBP and DBP were 126 mmHg and 79 mmHg respectively among obese. In the study prevalence of hypertension was 1.5% in urban adolescents and 0.2% in rural adolescents. Consumption of fast food, living area, physical activity, paternal hypertension and BMI were found significantly associated (p<0.05) with hypertension among urban adolescents.Conclusions: The results suggest that hypertension and pre-hypertension is an important public health problem among adolescents in urban than rural. The main associated factors are fast food consumption, living area, physical activity, paternal hypertension and BMI

EFFECT OF LIGHT TRANSMITTING ABILITY OF FIBER POST ON BOND STRENGTH OF SELFADHESIVE RESIN CEMENT TO RADICULAR DENTINE

Aim: to investigate the effect of different light transmitting ability of two fiber posts systems on bond strength to the root canal dentine using dual cure self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and methods: 24 freshly extracted human premolars were decoronated and endodontically treated. Post spaces were prepared to a depth of 8 mm and width of 1.3 mm using manufacture’s supplied drills. Teeth were randomly classified into two main groups (n= 12) according to fiber post light transmission ability; group I; non-light transmitting fiber posts (NLT) (Reforpost, Angelus), group II; light transmitting fiber post (LT) (Exacto, Angelus). Both groups were cemented using self-adhesive resin cement (SpeedCEM, Ivoclar Vivadent). Using low speed saw (IsoMet, Buehler), a 2 mm thickness coronal, middle and apical sections were obtained from each sample. Then they were subjected to push out test using Instron machine (Lloyd Instruments Ltd) until failure. Data was collected and statistically analyzed. Results: the highest means in the coronal and middle parts was found, when using light transmitting fiber post, which scored (11.75, 10.30 MPa) compared with (6.51, 6.98 MPa) when using non-light transmitting group. One-way ANOVA among the groups revealed a significant difference between non-light and light transmitting fiber post. However, there is no significant difference on the middle and the coronal parts. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between non-light and light transmitting fiber post when all sections were added together. There is a reasonable doubt regarding the ability of light to reach more than 4 mm depth

Detection of the recurrence of superficial urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder by combined urine cytology and cystoscopy

The study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy of combined urine cytology and cystoscopy for the detection of the recurrence of superficial urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder without bladder biopsy. A total 60 patients [males 48, females 12; age range 41-80 years (mean age- 63.15 years)] were included. Urine cytology as well as cystoscopy were done with a targeted biopsy taken from any apparently visible growth in the bladder. The systematic biopsy was taken where there was no growth. Reports of the cytology and cystoscopy were compared with the histopathology reports. It was found that 18 patients were cytology positive (false positive 2) and 42 patients were cytology negative (false negative 10) with sensitivity 61.5% and specificity 94%. During cystoscopy 24 patients were found recurrent growth in the bladder (false positive 3) and 36 patients were negative (false negative 5) with sensitivity 80.7% and specificity 91%. But when combined urine cytology and cystoscopic findings evaluated, the sensitivity and specificity were found 100% and 91% respectively. In conclusion, combined urine cytology and cystoscopy can be used for the detection of recurrence of superficial urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder

Proliposome powder or tablets for generating inhalable liposomes using a medical nebulizer

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and compare proliposome powder and proliposome tablet formulations for drug delivery from a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer. Methods: Proliposome powders were prepared by the slurry method and sorbitol or mannitol carbohydrate carrier were used in a 1:10 and 1:15 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio. Beclometasone dipropionate (BDP; 2 mol%) was incorporated in the lipid phase. Proliposome powders were compressed into tablets, and liposomes were generated from proliposome powders or tablets within the nebulizer reservoir for subsequent aerosolization. Results: Comparatively, shorter sputtering times were reported for the tablet formulations (≈ < 2.7±0.45 min), indicating uniform aerosolization. Post-nebulization, liposomes size was larger in the nebulizer reservoir in the range of 7.79±0.48 µm–9.73±1.53 µm for both powder and tablet formulations as compared to freshly prepared liposomes (5.38±0.73 µm–5.85±0.86 µm), suggesting liposome aggregation/fusion in the nebulizer’s reservoir. All formulations exhibited more than 80% mass output regardless of formulation type, but greater BDP proportions (circa 50%) were delivered to the Two-stage Impinger when tablet formulations were used. Moreover, the nebulized droplet median size and size distribution were lower for all tablet formulations in comparison to the powder formulations. Proliposome tablet and powdered formulations demonstrated the ability to generate vesicles that sustained the release of BDP. Conclusion: Overall, this study showed that proliposome tablets could be disintegrated within a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer to generate inhalable aerosol, with high drug output and hence can be manufactured on large scale to overcome the storage problems associated with powder formulations

Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lung cancer

Background: Early diagnosis of lung cancer plays a vital role in reducing the lung cancer death rate. Different modalities can be applied e.g. radiology, bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytological diagnostic techniques are safer, economical, and provide quick results. The aim of the study was to find out diagnostic yields of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing lung cancer, and to determine the sensitivity, and specificity of BAL fluid cytology considering the bronchial biopsy as the gold standard.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during the period from November 2018 to March 2020 with a total of 38 participants.Results: 33 (86.84%) patients were male, and 5 (13.16%) were female; the mean age was 58.29±13.11 years. In clinical presentations, cough was present in all 100% of the patients, and some more frequent presentations were shortness of breath in 26 (68.4%), hemoptysis in 24 (63.15%), and chest pain in 21 (55.26%). Majority of the patients (78.95%) were smokers. Considering histopathological findings, maximum patients had squamous cell carcinoma 13 (38.23%), then adenocarcinoma 11 (32.35%), small cell carcinoma 5 (14.70%), large cell carcinoma 3 (8.82%), and poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma 2 (5.88%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of BAL were 70.59%, 100%, 100%, 28.57%, and 73.68% respectively.Conclusions: BAL fluid cytology is a useful tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer. It has good sensitivity, and specificity, and shows nearly identical information as biopsy