Development and Validation of Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Amlodipine

Purpose: To develop and validate a new sensitive and low-cost method for the analysis of amlodipine in tablet dosage form using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection.Methods: Standards and samples were prepared by dissolving amlodipine besylate standard or amlodipine tablets in mobile phase and sonicated for 5 min. The samples were analysed by RP-HPLC equipped with quaternary pump and auto-injector. Separation was achieved using C18 column, and the mobile phase consisted of ammonium acetate buffer containing 0.02 % triethylamine TEA (pH = 4, adjusted using glacial acetic acid) and acetonitrile in the ratio 60:40 v/v. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and a UV detector was used for the detection of amlodipine at a wavelength of 248 nm. The method was validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Results: The retention time for amlodipine peak was 3.44 ± 0.41 min with a total run time of 6 min. The method was linear over the range of 0.5 - 40 μg/ml with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999. Recovery was 98.09 - 100.19 %, and the method showed high precision and repeatability. All validated parameters were within the range of ICH requirements.Conclusion: A new rapid sensitive and low-cost method has been developed and validated for the analysis of amlodipine in tablet dosage form.Keywords: Amlodipine, Recovery, Repeatability, Precision, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Validatio

Profil Ibu Hamil Yang Mengalami Kekurangan Energi Kronik Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Klambu Kabupaten Grobogan

Kekurangan energi kronik yaitu keadaan ibu hamil yang menderita kekurangan makanan yang berlangsung lama (kronik) dengan berbagai timbulnya gangguan kesehatan pada ibu hami. Faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan KEK adalah keadaan sosial ekonomi, pendidikan, pengetahuan, jarak kehamilan, paritas, usia kehamilan dan pekerjaan . Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Klambu pada tahun 2013 ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK sebanyak 74 sedangkan pada tahun 2014 dari bulan januari s/d bulan juni adalah sebanyak 22 Orang.Tujuan penelitian: mengidentifikasi ibu hamil yang mengalami kekurangan energi kronik diwilayah kerja Puskesmas Klambu. Metode penelitian : Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian non eksperimental, desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK diwilayah kerja puskesmas Klambu. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan tekhnik total sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah dengan tekhnik analisa Univariat. Hasil penelitian: Status pendidikan ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK adalah berpendidikan terakhir sekolah menengah pertama sebesar 50%, pendidikan SD 18,18%, pendidikan SMA 22,73 % dan perguruan tinggi sebesar 9,09 %, Pada identifikasi tingkat pengetahuan umumnya ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK adalah berpengetahuan baik sebesar 59,09 % dan pengetahuan tidak baik/ kurang sebesar 40,91 %, usia ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK adalah pada usia ≥20 tahun sebesar 63,64 %, usia 17 s/d 19 tahun sebesar 36,36 % dan pada usia < 16 tahun sebesar 0,00 %, Kehamilan pada ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK adalah terjadi pada kehamilan pertama sebesar 77,27 %. Kehamilan kedua 18,18 %, kehamilan ketiga 4,55 % dan kehamilan ke-empat sebesar 0,00%, Pekerjaan ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK sebagian besar adalah ibu rumah tangga atau pekerja ringan sebanyak 100 %, Jarak kehamilan pada ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK adalah jarak kehamilan dengan kisaran 0 s/d 12 bulan sebesar 81,82 %, 13 s/d 36 bulan sebesar 0,00 % dan 37 s/d 48 bulan sebesar 18,18 %

Effect of storage temperatures on physico-chemicals, phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus).

This is the final version. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record. Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to being part of a research project.Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) consists of high moisture content and is favoured for its juice products. The popular fruit has a tempting taste, sweet aroma and attractive flesh colour. It is enriched with phytochemicals and antioxidant properties that are beneficial to human health. Due to convenience, the majority of individuals are likely to consume watermelon juice. However, little is known about the fruit juice storage and temperatures that may affect its beneficial properties. This study investigated the effect of storage temperature at room temperature, refrigerator cold, refrigerator freeze and freeze-dried, and analyzed the juice physico-chemicals (weight loss, pH, ash, moisture, total soluble solid, browning and turbidity), phytochemicals (total phenolic, total flavonoid, lycopene and β-carotene) and antioxidant scavenging activities during 9 days of storage. The results showed that watermelon juice was affected by storage temperatures and conditions with significant changes in physico-chemical appearance and decrease in total phytochemical content, thus consequently affecting their antioxidant activities during 9 days of storage. Although fresh watermelon juice can be consumed for its high nutritional values, freeze-drying is the preferable technique to retain its benefits and to delay juice degradation.Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysi

Systematic review on multilevel analysis of radiation effects on bone microarchitecture.

This is the final version. Available from Hindawi via the DOI in this record. Data Availability: The data supporting this systematic review are from previously reported studies and datasets, which have been cited.Introduction: Modern radiation therapy has become an effective method to treat and monitor tumour growth in cancer patients. It has proved to be a successful way to minimise mortality rates. However, the adverse effects of radiation have been historical evidence in the clinical environment involving diminishing the quality and density of bone and causing fragility fracture to the bone in the long run. This systematic review was aimed at identifying and evaluating the effects of irradiation on morphology and mechanical properties of murine model bone in previous publications. Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases (English only studies published between 2015 and 2020). The selected studies were evaluated according to three criteria: (1) criteria for study sample selection; (2) criteria for methodological procedures; and (3) criteria for detection and evaluation. Results: The initial search strategy identified 1408 related studies, 8 of were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review revealed an association between bone destruction and the magnitude of time and dose postirradiation. We agreed that the effect of radiation on bone morphology and strength primarily is a later stage event but noticeable in both low (1 Gy) and high dose (30 Gy) radiation. Trabecular and cortical bone microstructures were significantly altered at irradiation and contralateral sites. Besides, the mechanical strength was significantly impacted in both shorter and longer periods. Conclusion: Overall, the radiotherapy altered bone microstructures and substantially decreases bone mechanical properties. The alteration was related to quantity and the activity of the osteoblast and osteoclast. Early detection of those most at risk for radiation-induced bone alterations could lead to better prophylactic intervention decisions.Ministry of Education, Malaysia, and UiTMGeran Penyelidikan Kha

Sistem Boarding School Di Masa Pandemi Di Man 1 Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021

ABSTRACT This research discusses the PANDEMI Covid-19 which has changed many world orders, from economic, social to education. Millions of children all over the world are unable to attend the education they should. Because restrictions on school movements have to be done online, this of course changes student behavior and habits so of course there are many complaints and obstacles in the learning process. This study discusses the implementation of thesystem boarding school during the pandemic in MAN Surakarta and what are the factors that are supporting and inhibiting thesystem boarding school during the pandemic in MAN 1 Surakarta. This study aims to determine the implementation of thesystem boarding school during the pandemic in MAN 1 Surakarta and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors of thesystem boarding school during the pandemic in MAN 1 Surakarta. This research usesfield research with a survey research approach. The research subjects were wakakur madrasah,boarders boarding school and students who took part in theprogram boarding school. Data collection techniques are interviews and documentation. Data analysis used data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that the learning system used in the boarding school of MAN 1 Surakarta is virtual live streaming, assignments and material giving. In carrying out this online learning the tutors use remote applications such as Whatsapp, Google Form, live streaming (youtube / facebook / instagram) and zoom to facilitate the learning process. The assessment or evaluation process carried out by thestudent advisors boarding school during this pandemic is by giving written assignments and practical assignments to students. Meanwhile, the supporting factor of thesystem boarding school during this pandemic was in the form of madrasas facilitating wifi for tutors to support the online learning process, students got a free quota from the government, with online learning this could explain difficult and complicated learning materials to be easy and simple. While the inhibiting factors of thesystem boarding school during this pandemic were in the form of a lack of effectiveness and time efficiency due to students' parents who were busy working, unstable signals and limited internet quotas made teachers and students in the online learning process not run optimally, indeed lack of attention. extra mentors to each student because one dormitory guardian teaches one class and one class totals 30 children, online activities so far have become bored and the students become bored. Keywords: Pandemic, Students, Boarding Schoo

Wound contraction effects and antibacterial properties of Tualang honey on full-thickness burn wounds in rats in comparison to hydrofibre

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Full-thickness burn wounds require excision and skin grafting. Multiple surgical procedures are inevitable in managing moderate to severe full-thickness burns. Wound bed preparations prior to surgery are necessary in order to prevent wound infection and promote wound healing. Honey can be used to treat burn wounds. However, not all the honey is the same. This study aims to evaluate the wound contraction and antibacterial properties of locally-produced <it>Tualang </it>honey on managing full-thickness burn wounds <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty-six female <it>Sprague Dawley </it>rats were randomly divided into three groups. Under anaesthesia, three full-thickness burn wounds were created on the dorsum of the rats. The full-thickness burn wounds were inoculated with a specific organism (10⁴), namely <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>(n = 12), <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae </it>(n = 12), or <it>Acinetobacter baumannii </it>(n = 12). The three burn wounds were dressed with <it>Tualang </it>honey, hydrofibre and hydrofibre silver respectively. Swab samples were obtained every 3 days (day 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21) for quantitative and semi-quantitative microbiological analyses. Clinical assessments, including observations concerning the appearance and wound size, were measured at the same time.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was a rapid 32.26% reduction in wound size by day 6 (<it>p </it>= 0.008) in the <it>Tualang </it>honey-treated wounds, and 49.27% by day 15 (<it>p </it>= 0.005). The wounds remained smaller by day 18 (<it>p </it>< 0.032). <it>Tualang </it>honey-treated rats demonstrated a reduction in bacterial growth in <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>inoculated wounds (<it>p </it>= 0.005). However, hydrofibre silver and hydrofibre-treated wounds are superior to honey-treated wounds with <it>Acinetobacter baumannii </it>(<it>p </it>= 0.035). There was no statistical significant of antibacterial property in <it>Klebsiella pneumonia </it>inoculated wounds.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Tualang </it>honey has better results with regards to its control of <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>and its wound contraction effects on full-thickness burn wound <it>in vivo</it>.</p

Harnessing the potential of ligninolytic enzymes for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment

Abundant lignocellulosic biomass from various industries provides a great potential feedstock for the production of value-added products such as biofuel, animal feed, and paper pulping. However, low yield of sugar obtained from lignocellulosic hydrolysate is usually due to the presence of lignin that acts as a protective barrier for cellulose and thus restricts the accessibility of the enzyme to work on the cellulosic component. This review focuses on the significance of biological pretreatment specifically using ligninolytic enzymes as an alternative method apart from the conventional physical and chemical pretreatment. Different modes of biological pretreatment are discussed in this paper which is based on (i) fungal pretreatment where fungi mycelia colonise and directly attack the substrate by releasing ligninolytic enzymes and (ii) enzymatic pretreatment using ligninolytic enzymes to counter the drawbacks of fungal pretreatment. This review also discusses the important factors of biological pretreatment using ligninolytic enzymes such as nature of the lignocellulosic biomass, pH, temperature, presence of mediator, oxygen, and surfactant during the biodelignification process

Panel 7: otitis media:treatment and complications

Objective: We aimed to summarize key articles published between 2011 and 2015 on the treatment of (recurrent) acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, tympanostomy tube otorrhea, chronic suppurative otitis media and complications of otitis media, and their implications for clinical practice. Data Sources: PubMed, Ovid Medline, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing). Review Methods: All types of articles related to otitis media treatment and complications between June 2011 and March 2015 were identified. A total of 1122 potential related articles were reviewed by the panel members; 118 relevant articles were ultimately included in this summary. Conclusions: Recent literature and guidelines emphasize accurate diagnosis of acute otitis media and optimal management of ear pain. Watchful waiting is optional in mild to moderate acute otitis media; antibiotics do shorten symptoms and duration of middle ear effusion. The additive benefit of adenoidectomy to tympanostomy tubes in recurrent acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is controversial and age dependent. Topical antibiotic is the treatment of choice in acute tube otorrhea. Symptomatic hearing loss due to persistent otitis media with effusion is best treated with tympanostomy tubes. Novel molecular and biomaterial treatments as adjuvants to surgical closure of eardrum perforations seem promising. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of complementary and alternative treatments. Implications for Practice: Emphasis on accurate diagnosis of otitis media, in its various forms, is important to reduce overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and antibiotic resistance. Children at risk for otitis media and its complications deserve special attention