Viral and Host Factors are Related to the Progression of HIV Diseases in Mimika, Papua

BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with the most risk factors are heterosexuals. AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with HIV disease progression include host and viral factors. METHODS: Eighty-four subjects recruited in Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) VCT’s laboratory, interviewed with questionnaires and also did laboratory examinations. HIV-1 subtypes were identified using RT-PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Then, CD4+ data is checked using PIMA Analyzer. Demographic and clinical data obtained from the patient's medical record. After collected, data were analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The results showed two factors that influence the progression of HIV disease were HIV subtypes (p = 0.002) and Body Mass Index (p = 0.033). The HIV-1 subtype also correlated with CD4+ levels with a value of p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 subtype correlates with HIV progression, so it is necessary to develop HIV/AIDS management strategies and clinical counselling

Identification of Microplastics Content in Sediment, Water and Digestive Channel of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Sidoarjo Pond

Microplastics are a form of new pollution that the Indonesian people are not aware of. The factors for the entry of microplastics into pond waters are water sources, anthropogenic activities, and pond cleanliness. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance of microplastics, the color and shape of microplastics, and the types of microplastic polymers found in sediment, water, and the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Sidoarjo ponds. The average abundance of microplastics in sediment samples obtained from semi-intensive ponds is 300 particles per 50 grams, while the sediment samples from traditional ponds are 613 particles per 50 grams. The average abundance of microplastics in the semi-intensive pond water samples was 2.1 particles per 20 liters and in traditional ponds was 2.3 particles per 20 liters. The average abundance of microplastics in the milkfish (Chanos chanos) samples from the Semi-Intensive Pond was as many as 6 particles per tail, while the Traditional Pond had 9.5 particles per tail. In this study, four colors of microplastics were found, namely blue, black, red, and transparent, while the microplastics obtained were fiber, fragment, and filament. The types of microplastic polymers encountered in this study were dominated by polyamide or nylon polymers. In sediment samples from both ponds, we found the presence of Polyamide or Nylon polymers, namely Polystyrene and Polyamide or Nylon, and in the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos), namely Polyamide or Nylon

Identification Of Microplastics Content in Sediment, Water and Digestive Channel of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Sidoarjo Pond

Microplastics are a form of new pollution that the Indonesian people are not aware of. The factors for the entry of microplastics into pond waters are water sources, anthropogenic activities, and pond cleanliness. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance of microplastics, the color and shape of microplastics, and the types of microplastic polymers found in sediment, water, and the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Sidoarjo ponds. The average abundance of microplastics in sediment samples obtained from semi-intensive ponds is 300 particles per 50 grams, while the sediment samples from traditional ponds are 613 particles per 50 grams. The average abundance of microplastics in the semi-intensive pond water samples was 2.1 particles per 20 liters and in traditional ponds was 2.3 particles per 20 liters. The average abundance of microplastics in the milkfish (Chanos chanos) samples from the Semi-Intensive Pond was as many as 6 particles per tail, while the Traditional Pond had 9.5 particles per tail. In this study, four colors of microplastics were found, namely blue, black, red, and transparent, while the microplastics obtained were fiber, fragment, and filament. The types of microplastic polymers encountered in this study were dominated by polyamide or nylon polymers. In sediment samples from both ponds, we found the presence of Polyamide or Nylon polymers, namely Polystyrene and Polyamide or Nylon, and in the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos), namely Polyamide or Nylon

Stunting Countermeasures Intervention Model in Remote Areas of Banyuwangi Regency East Java

Stunting in toddlers becomes a chronic nutritional problem. Factors that cause stunting are maternal nutrition during pregnancy, socioeconomic conditions, infectious diseases in infants, access to health services, reproductive health, sanitation and clean water. This study aims to analyze stunting prevention intervention models in remote areas of Sukamade, Banyuwangi Regency. This study is an analytical observational study with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques by interview and observation using a questionnaire. The sampling technique used a total sampling with a sample size of 42 toddler households. The analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Models (SEM) equation model, an alternative method of PLS. The final results show that environmental variables have a significant effect on stunting. The latent variable that affects the stunting variable is the environmental variable. It is necessary to create an intervention model that takes into account the need for safe drinking water by maintaining water sources and water quality.Stunting in toddlers is a chronic nutritional problem. This is caused by several factors, such as maternal nutrition during pregnancy, socioeconomic conditions, infectious diseases in babies, access to health services, reproductive health, sanitation and clean water. This research is an analytical observational research with a quantitative approach. The results of the analysis for latent variables that affect stunting variables. The results of the analysis resulted in the conclusion that environmental variables have a significant effect on stunting. The latent variable that affects the stunting variable is the environmental variable. It is necessary to create an intervention model that pays attention to the need for safe drinking water by maintaining water sources and water quality

Kontaminasi Residu Pestisida Organofosfat di Dalam Tanaman Holtikultura

Excessive use of organophosphate pesticides is becoming more common these days. This can affect the level of pesticide residues in farmers' crops. Excessive spraying of pesticides can result in environmental pollution both small and large scale. If excessive exposure to these pesticides can cause damage to the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of organophosphate pesticide residues found in horticulture plants. This research method is a systematic review, by analyzing various studies regarding the contamination of organophosphate pesticide residues in horticultural crops. There are 20 studies from within the country. The results obtained in the form of levels of pesticide residues that are still below the threshold of the BMR (Maximum Residue Limit) of pesticides determined by SNI. Two other studies show that no pesticide residue content was detected. Conclusion: This shows that the sample tested is still safe for consumption. Socialization and education about the doses of pesticide use and how to reduce levels of pesticides in horticultural crops are needed to reduce the risk of exposure to pesticide

Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Stunting di Indonesia: Studi Literatur

Stunting adalah suatu keadaan dimana indeks tinggi badan menurut umur di bawah -2 SD berdasarkan dari standar WHO. Keadaan ini adalah manifestasi jangka panjang dari faktor konsumsi diet berkualitas yang rendah, penyakit infeksi yang terjadi berulang dan factor lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stunting dipengaruhi oleh tingkat asupan energi, riwayat durasi penyakit infeksi, berat badan lahir, tingkat pendidikan ibu dan tingkat pendapatan keluarga. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi literature dengani berbagai referensi, seperti artikel atau jurnal penelitian, review jurnal, annual  report, buku dan data-data yang mendukung dengan kejadian stunting yang diterbitkan dari tahun 2009 - 2019. Pencarian dilakukan menggunakan mesin pencari google di internet dengan kata kunci yang terkait, seperti: stunting, faktor resiko, penyakit infeksi, imunisas dan vaksin. Pencarian database dilakukan di PubMed, PLoS, Reaserchgate, WHO dan Depkes RI. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah memberi saran kepada pemerintah, instansi kesehatan, dan pihak terkait untuk berkolaborasi menerapkan kebijakan untuk mengurangi risiko stunting. Selain itu, masyarakat disarankan mendapatkan pendidikan yang berkualitas, memberikan asupan nutrisi yang seimbang serta meningkatkan derajat kesehatan anak dan pengembangan EST (Eco Support Theory) dalam rangka mengurangi stunting di Indonesia

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT STRES PSIKOLOGIS DENGAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI PADA MAHASISWA

The menstrual cycle is the distance between the first day of menstruation and the first period of the next menstruation. One of the faktors that influence the menstrual cycle is stres. Stres can stimulate the release of the hormone cortisol, which is a product of glucocorticoid adrenal cortex. This hormone affects the amount of progesterone in the body. This hormonal imbalance will cause changes in the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between stres levels and the menstrual cycle of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya students. This research was an observational analytic study with a sampling design using simple random sampling with a total of 30 respondents. Data collection techniques use the DASS 42 questionnaire to measure stres levels and the menstrual cycle pattern questionnaire to measure the menstrual cycle. Data analysis using Fisher's exacs test and the results obtained p = 0.031, so it means that there is a relationship between the level of stres with the menstrual cycl.ABSTRAKSiklus menstruasi adalah jarak antara hari pertama menstruasi dengan hari pertama pada menstruasi berikutnya. Hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh stress yang merangsang pengeluaran hormone kortisol yang merupakan produk dari glukokortiroid korteks adrenal yang disintesis di zona fasikulata. Hormon ini mempengaruhi jumlah hormone progesterone di dalam tubuh. Ketidakseimbangan hormon ini akan menyebabkan perubahan siklus menstruasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat stres dengan siklus menstruasi mahasiswai UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain pengambilan sampel menggunakan simple random sampling dengan jumlah 30 responden. Tehnik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner DASS 42 untuk mengukur tingkat stres dan kuesioner pola siklus menstruasi untuk mengukur siklus menstruasi. Analisis data menggunakan Fisher’s exacs test dan didapatkan hasil nilai p=0.031. Hal ini berarti menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan hubungan antara tingkat stres dengan siklus menstruasi. Penelitian selanjutnya sebaiknya menambahkan variabel lain yang mempengarusi siklus menstruasi dan menamba jumlah sampel agar diperoleh data yang lebih baik

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI EKSTRAK DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum L.) TERHADAP DAYA HAMBAT Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO PADA KANDIDIASIS VULVOVAGINALIS

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) can be used as a treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis because it contains essential oils where there are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins which can inhibit growth and kill fungal cells of Candida albicans. The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of basil leaf extract (O. basilicum) with variations in the concentration of the solution to the inhibition of C. albicans in vitro in vulvovaginal candidiasis. This study was an experimental study with basil leaf extract samples with various concentrations of 6.25 mg / ml; 12.5 mg / ml; 25 mg / ml; 50 mg / ml; 100 mg / ml; control (+) by giving 2% ketoconazole and control (-) by giving 10% DMSO. The research method uses disc diffusion test. Phytochemical tests of basil leaves showed that the leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins positively. The inhibition of C. albicans is best in the extract of O. basilicum leaves with a concentration of 100 mg/ml. The greater the concentration of the extract given, the more inhibited power will be formed because the concentration of the bioactive components contained in the extract is higher. Key Words: Basil leaf extract, Candida albicans, Inhibitory power, Antifungal compound

Nematoda Parasit Pada Rattus spp. dari Pulau Simeulue, Aceh

Rattus spp. are often found living together in the human environment. Till date, there are no data on nematodes in rats from Simeulue Island. Therefore, a research on the nematodes of Rattus spp. from Simeulue Island, Aceh was conducted to know the species and the pattern of nematodes infection. The observation was carried out by dissecting 14 carcasses of Rattus spp. and then observing the internal organs for nematodes. For the result, we identified four species i.e., Syphacia muris, Cyclodontostomum purvisi, Gongylonema neoplasticum, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis with prevalence 28.5%, 7.1%, 7.1%, 85.7%, respectively, and parasite indexes 1-23, 1, 1, 2-118 individual parasites in each host, respectively.Key words: nematodes, parasites, Rattus spp., Simeuleu Island

PENGARUH KOMPLEKS LINIER ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) DAN KADMIUM (Cd) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN AKUMULASI, ABSORBSI DAN TOKSISITAS KADMIUM (Cd) PADA Cyprinus carpio L.

Deterjen merupakan salah satu hasil produk teknologi dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pengaktif permukaan (surfaktan) Alkyl Benzene Sulfonat (ABS) sebagai penghasil busa. ABS memiliki efek destruktif (buruk) terhadap lingkungan yakni sulit diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme, sehingga diganti dengan bahan aktif  yang memiliki sifat lebih ramah lingkungan yaitu Linier Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS). Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh komplek Linier Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) dan logam kadmium (Cd) dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi terhadap absorbsi, akumulasi dan toksisitas logam kadmium (Cd) pada ikan mas (Cyprinus Carpio L). Sampel yang digunakan adalah ikan Cyprinus carpio L. dengan usia kurang lebih 3 bulan dengan asumsi bahwa ikan sudah berkembang secara seksual (mature). Cyprinus carpio L yang digunakan berkelamin jantan dengan panjang ±15cm dan berat badan ±100 gram. Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 variasi kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol, maka dengan rumus diatas didapatkan r (ulangan) minimal 4 kali, maka dengan jumlah kelompokan 7 didapatkan besar sampel 28 ekor. Hasil penelitian ini adalah akumulasi lebih banyak ditemukan pada kelompok perlakuan Cd dan LAS. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah didapatkan perbedaan akumulasi variasi perlakuan antara kelompok kontrol, Cd dan kombinasi LAS-Cd.  Terjadinya akumulasi logam berat pada berbagai organisme dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada lingkungan dan kesehatan pada manusia