Continuous multi-step synthesis by extrusion - telescoping solvent-free reactions for greater efficiency

YesChemical manufacturing typically requires more than one step, involving multiple batch processes, which makes synthesis at scale laborious and wasteful. Herein, we demonstrate that several reactions can be telescoped into a single continuous process and/or be carried out as a continuous multi-component reaction (MCR), by twin screw extrusion (TSE), in the complete absence of solvent.EPSRC (EP/L019655/1)

Consensus for the General Use of Equine Water Treadmills for Healthy Horses

Water treadmill exercise has become popular in recent years for the training and rehabilitation of equine athletes. In 2019, an equine hydrotherapy working group was formed to establish what was commonly considered to be best practice in the use of the modality. This article describes the process by which general guidelines for the application of water treadmill exercise in training and rehabilitation programmes were produced by the working group. The guidelines describe the consensus reached to date on (1) the potential benefits of water treadmill exercise, (2) general good practice in water treadmill exercise, (3) introduction of horses to the exercise, (4) factors influencing selection of belt speed, water depth and duration of exercise, and (5) monitoring movement on the water treadmill. The long-term goal is to reach a consensus on the optimal use of the modality within a training or rehabilitation programme. Collaboration between clinicians, researchers and experienced users is needed to develop research programmes and further guidelines regarding the most appropriate application of the modality for specific veterinary conditions

Detective fiction, religion, and Dorothy L. Sayers

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What is Working Well? Exploring a Theology of Work at Urban Community Church, Belfast

This thesis argues that there is a need for a rehabilitation of the Reformed doctrine of vocation within the area of practical theologies of work. Theologians and Church leaders in this tradition have paid limited attention to the practice and purpose of work, despite most people spending more time at work than in any other activity (Archbishops’ Council, 2017, p. 4, Forster, 2018, p. 145). I make two contributions by advocating for an interplay of agency between God and humanity in the ordinary elements of working. First, this resets the purpose of working within the wider context of missio Dei, where human and divine action collaborate in work, rather than in private piety, ecclesiastical identity, or ethics. Second, I rehabilitate the language and performance of vocation by using the term ‘callings’ to consider work as a purposeful intrinsically valuable component of human flourishing. The study draws on qualitative research with twenty interviews conducted in a contemporary Charismatic-Evangelical church network known as Urban Community Church (UCC), which has its theological roots in the Protestant, Reformed tradition of Northern Ireland. The study critically interrogates Evangelical interpretations of vocation, and how it informs contemporary practice at UCC. The research suggests inequalities in the public validation of work in Sunday services, including the promotion of church planting, overseas mission, and paid church work to the detriment of other forms of employment. The thesis reveals how individuals attach meaning to their work through callings which are multiple, evolutionary, and less well defined than that traditional understanding of vocation as a call from God to work for the church or in a specific role. Participants in this research imagine work to have lasting significance in Christian redemptive purpose in society, beyond the promotion of the work of the church

Encyclopedia of British Women's Writing 1900-1950

This unique reference work is the first book to concentrate on early twentieth-century women's writing. It includes detailed entries on 185 authors, ranging from the canonical (Dorothy Richardson, Rebecca West, Viriginia Woolf) through the popular (Agatha Christie, Nancy Mitford, Beatrix Potter) to the largely forgotten (Olive Moore, Barbara Comyns, Winifred Watson). The book draws together information and references relating to a group of fascinating authors in need of rediscovery, opening up exciting new avenues of research for students, teachers and researchers. The encyclopedia also provides contextualising material, with 76 concise introductions to related topics, including organisations, movements, genres and publications, as well as literary and historical events. Topics covered include Bloomsbury, Children's Literature, Libraries, Fashion and Youth Culture, Sexology, Mass Observation, Education and the Welfare State. An integral timeline provides a framework for the entries, and an exceptionally detailed bibliography of 100 books (including criticism, history, reference, and anthologies) is an invaluable point of reference

Continuous multi-step synthesis by extrusion – telescoping solvent-free reactions for greater efficiency

Herein, we demonstrate that several reactions can be telescoped into a single continuous process and/or be carried out as a continuous multi-component reaction (MCR), by twin screw extrusion (TSE), in the complete absence of solvent.</p

Organic synthesis by Twin Screw Extrusion (TSE): Continuous, scalable and solvent-free

NoMechanochemistry provides a method to reduce or eliminate the use of solvents by carrying out reactions through the grinding of neat reagents. Until recently a significant drawback of this form of synthesis has been the limited ability to scale up. However, it has been shown that twin screw extrusion (TSE) may overcome this problem as demonstrated in the continuous synthesis of co-crystals, Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), in multi kg h−1 quantities. TSE has provided a means to carry out mechanochemical synthesis in a continuous, large scale and efficient fashion, which is adaptable to a manufacturing process. Herein, we highlight the potential of this technique for organic synthesis by reporting four condensation reactions, the Knoevenagel condensation, imine formation, aldol reaction and the Michael addition, to produce analytically pure products, most of which did not require any post synthetic purification or isolation. Each reaction was carried out in the absence of solvents and the water byproduct was conveniently removed as water vapour during the extrusion process due to the elevated temperatures used. Furthermore, the Knoevenagel condensation has been studied in detail to gain insight into the mechanism by which these mechanochemical reactions proceed. The results point to effective wetting of one reactant by another as being critical for these reactions to occur under these reaction conditions.EPSRC EP/L019655/