Sistem Upah Buruh Panen Kelapa Sawit Ditinjau Dari Persepektif Ajr Al-Mitsl (Studi Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di Desa Karya Merdeka Kutai Kartanegara)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui kesesuain sistem upah buruh panen kelapa sawit yang diterapkan di Desa Karya Merdeka Kecamatan Samboja Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara dengan sistem ajr al-mitsl. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan komperatif kualitatif. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Observasi dan Wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemilik kebun sawit telah dapat berlaku adil dan jujur kepada para pekerja atau buruh panen. Adil dalam memberikan upah, jujur dalam memberikan penjelasan dan informasi mengenai upah yang akan diterima dan transparan tentang pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan Pemilik kebun sawit telah berlaku transparan kepada para buruh panen, mulai dari pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan, besarnya upah kerja, volume kerja, jam kerja dan sebagainya kepada para buruh panen

Apollo experience report: Simulation of manned space flight for crew training

Through space-flight experience and the development of simulators to meet the associated training requirements, several factors have been established as fundamental for providing adequate flight simulators for crew training. The development of flight simulators from Project Mercury through the Apollo 15 mission is described. The functional uses, characteristics, and development problems of the various simulators are discussed for the benefit of future programs

RP-HPLC-DAD metoda za određivanje olmesartan medoksomila kao čiste supstancije i u tabletama izloženih razgradnji

A simple, sensitive and precise RP-HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the determination of olmesartan medoxomil (AT-II receptor blocker) in the presence of its degradation products. Olmesartan medoxomil and all the degradation products were resolved on a C18 column with the mobile phase composed of methanol, acetonitrile and water (60:15:25, V/V/V, pH 3.5 by orthophosphoric acid) at 260 nm using a photodiode array detector. The method was linear over the concentration range of 1–18 µg mL 1 and precise with RSD 2.0 for each peak and sensitive with LOD 0.03 µg mL−1 and LOQ 0.1 µg mL−1. The method was used to study the drug degradation behavior under forced conditions. Four degradation products (DP-I, II, III, IV) were formed during the degradation study in 0.1 mol L−1 HCl whereas only DP-I, II and III were formed in water, 0.01 mol L−1 NaOH and 3 % H2O2. No significant thermal or photolytic degradation was observed in solid drug. The method was applied successfully for the assay of olmesartan medoxomil in the tablet dosage form.U ovom radu razvijena je i validirana jednostavna, osjetljiva i precizna RP-HPLC-DAD metoda za određivanje olmesartan medoksomila (inhibitor AT-II receptora) u prisutnosti njegovih razgradnih produkata. Olmesartan medoksomil i razgradni produkti kromatografirani su na C18 koloni uz mobilnu fazu metanol/ acetonitril/vo da (60:15:25 V/V/V; pH 3,5 podešen ortofosfornom kiselinom) pri 260 nm uz detektor s fotodiodnim nizom. Metoda je linearna u koncentracijskom rasponu 1–18 µg mL 1 i precizna s RSD < 1 % tijekom ispitivanja repetabilnosti i intermedijarne ponovljivosti. Povrat od 99,3 ± 0,9 do 100,8 ± 1,2 % dokazuje točnost metode. Razvijena metoda je specifična na što ukazuje kromatografsku rezoluciju veću od 2,0 i osjetljiva (LOD = 0,03 µg mL−1 i LOQ = 0,1 µg mL−1). Metoda je upotrebljena za praćenje razgradnje olmesartan medoksomila u uvjetima potencirane razgradnje. U 0,1 mol L−1 HCl detektirana su četiri razgradna produkta (DP-I, II, III, IV), a u vodi, 0,01 mol L−1 NaOH i 3 % H2O2 samo DP-I, II i III. U čvrstom agregatnom stanju nije primjećena značajna termička ni fotolitička razgradnja ljekovite tvari. Metoda je uspješno primijenjena za određivanje olmesartan medoksomila u tabletama

Practical computational toolkits for dendrimers and dendrons structure design

Dendrimers and dendrons offer an excellent platform for developing novel drug delivery systems and medicines. The rational design and further development of these repetitively branched systems are restricted by difficulties in scalable synthesis and structural determination, which can be overcome by judicious use of molecular modelling and molecular simulations. A major difficulty to utilise in silico studies to design dendrimers lies in the laborious generation of their structures. Current modelling tools utilise automated assembly of simpler dendrimers or the inefficient manual assembly of monomer precursors to generate more complicated dendrimer structures. Herein we describe two novel graphical user interface (GUI) toolkits written in Python that provide an improved degree of automation for rapid assembly of dendrimers and generation of their 2D and 3D structures. Our first toolkit uses the RDkit library, SMILES nomenclature of monomers and SMARTS reaction nomenclature to generate SMILES and mol files of dendrimers without 3D coordinates. These files are used for simple graphical representations and storing their structures in databases. The second toolkit assembles complex topology dendrimers from monomers to construct 3D dendrimer structures to be used as starting points for simulation using existing and widely available software and force fields. Both tools were validated for ease-of-use to prototype dendrimer structure and the second toolkit was especially relevant for dendrimers of high complexity and size.Peer reviewe

RP-LC and HPTLC Methods for the Determination of Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide in Combined Tablet Dosage Forms

Two new, rapid, precise, accurate and specific chromatographic methods were described for the simultaneous determination of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide in combined tablet dosage forms. The first method was based on reversed phase liquid chromatography using an Eurosphere 100 RP C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm). The mobile phase was methanol–0.05% o-phosphoric acid (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. Commercially available tablets and laboratory mixtures containing both drugs were assayed and detected using a UV detector at 270 nm. The second method involved silica gel 60 F254 high performance thin layer chromatography and densitometric detection at 254 nm using acetonitrile–ethyl acetate–glacial acid (7:3:0.4 v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Calibration curves ranged between 200–600 and 125–375 ng spot−1 for olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively

Immunostimulation and Immunoinhibition of Premalignant Lesions

BACKGROUND: The immune reaction may be either stimulatory or inhibitory to tumor growth, depending upon the local ratio of immune reactants to tumor cells. HYPOTHESIS: A tumor-stimulatory immune response may be essential for survival of a neoplasm in vivo and for the biological progression from a premalignant lesion to a malignancy. Neither a positive nor a negative correlation between the magnitude of an immune-cell infiltrate and a cancer's prognosis can reveal whether the infiltrate was stimulating or inhibiting to the tumor's growth unless the position on the nonlinear curve that relates tumor growth to the magnitude of the immune reaction is known. DISCUSSION: This hypothesis is discussed in relation to the development of human malignant melanomas and colorectal cancers

Microtubule-associated protein 6 mediates neuronal connectivity through Semaphorin 3E-dependent signalling for axonal growth.

Structural microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) stabilize microtubules, a property that was thought to be essential for development, maintenance and function of neuronal circuits. However, deletion of the structural MAPs in mice does not lead to major neurodevelopment defects. Here we demonstrate a role for MAP6 in brain wiring that is independent of microtubule binding. We find that MAP6 deletion disrupts brain connectivity and is associated with a lack of post-commissural fornix fibres. MAP6 contributes to fornix development by regulating axonal elongation induced by Semaphorin 3E. We show that MAP6 acts downstream of receptor activation through a mechanism that requires a proline-rich domain distinct from its microtubule-stabilizing domains. We also show that MAP6 directly binds to SH3 domain proteins known to be involved in neurite extension and semaphorin function. We conclude that MAP6 is critical to interface guidance molecules with intracellular signalling effectors during the development of cerebral axon tracts

Surface Plasmon Resonance Reveals a Different Pattern of Proinsulin Autoantibodies Concentration and Affinity in Diabetic Patients

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by autoimmune aggression against pancreatic beta cells resulting in absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. The first detectable sign of emerging autoimmunity during the preclinical asymptomatic period is the appearance of diabetes-related autoantibodies. In children at risk for type 1 DM, high-affinity Insulin autoantibodies reactive to proinsulin, are associated with diabetes risk. Autoantibodies are usually measured by radioligand binding assay (RBA) that provides quasi-quantitative values reflecting potency (product between concentration and affinity) of specific autoantibodies. Aiming to improve the characterization of the specific humoral immune response, we selected surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as an alternative method to measure proinsulin autoantibodies (PAA). This novel technology has allowed real time detection of antibodies interaction and kinetic analysis. Herein, we have employed SPR to characterize the PAA present in sera from 28 childhood-onset (mean age 8.31±4.20) and 23 adult-onset diabetic patients (≥65 years old, BMI<30) in terms of concentration and affinity. When evaluating comparatively samples from both groups, childhood-onset diabetic patients presented lower PAA concentrations and higher affinities (median 67.12×10−9 M and 3.50×107 M−1, respectively) than the adults (median 167.4×10−9 M and 0.84×107 M−1, respectively). These results are consistent with those from the reference method RBA (Standard Deviation score median 9.49 for childhood-onset group and 5.04 for adult-onset group) where the binding can be directly related to the intrinsic affinity of the antibody, suggesting that there is a different etiopathogenic pathway between both types of clinical presentation of the disease. This technology has shown to be a useful tool for the characterization of PAAs parameters as an alternative to radioimmunoassay, with high versatility and reproducibility associated to low occupational and environmental risk. However, this technology is not eligible for routine marker screening, but this is a powerful technique for a fine description of the thermodynamic parameters of antigen-antibody interaction

Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Expressing Filovirus Glycoproteins Lack Neurovirulence in Nonhuman Primates

The filoviruses, Marburg virus and Ebola virus, cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the most promising filovirus vaccines under development is a system based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) that expresses an individual filovirus glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein (G). The main concern with all replication-competent vaccines, including the rVSV filovirus GP vectors, is their safety. To address this concern, we performed a neurovirulence study using 21 cynomolgus macaques where the vaccines were administered intrathalamically. Seven animals received a rVSV vector expressing the Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) GP; seven animals received a rVSV vector expressing the Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) GP; three animals received rVSV-wild type (wt) vector, and four animals received vehicle control. Two of three animals given rVSV-wt showed severe neurological symptoms whereas animals receiving vehicle control, rVSV-ZEBOV-GP, or rVSV-MARV-GP did not develop these symptoms. Histological analysis revealed major lesions in neural tissues of all three rVSV-wt animals; however, no significant lesions were observed in any animals from the filovirus vaccine or vehicle control groups. These data strongly suggest that rVSV filovirus GP vaccine vectors lack the neurovirulence properties associated with the rVSV-wt parent vector and support their further development as a vaccine platform for human use