Bedside lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in very old patients

In several studies mainly undertaken in emergency departments, lung ultrasound (LUS) has a sensitivity similar and/or superior to the one of chest X-ray (CXR) in the diagnosis of pneumonia. The aim was to evaluate if LUS may be applied as first step imaging examination in the diagnosis of pneumonia also in medical/geriatric setting other than in emergency departments. We reviewed the clinical files of 128 very old patients (61 M and 67 F, age ranging from 78 to 94 yrs, mean 84.8 year) discharged in a period of 20 months with diagnosis of pneumonia in which both CXR and LUS were performed. The majority of patients had co-morbidities and/or motor disability and/or cognitive impairment. The sensitivity of LUS resulted in 82.03% (105/128) and those of CXR 75.78% (97/128): the difference was statistically not significant. Only the presence of pleural effusion resulted significantly higher with LUS when compared with the one observed with CXR (55.46% vs 37.5%, P=0.0039). The superiority of LUS with respect to CXR, although statistically not significant, suggests the use of ultrasound as a first step examination not only in emergency departments or in pediatric setting but also in very old patients with symptoms suspicious of pneumonia. The use of LUS in frail old patients with multiple co-morbidities can be easily carried out at the bedside and provides diagnostic information avoiding delaying the appropriate antimicrobial treatment

Erosion of human X chromosome inactivation causes major remodeling of the iPSC proteome

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a dosage compensation mechanism in female mammals whereby transcription from one X chromosome is repressed. Analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from female donors identified that low levels of XIST RNA correlated strongly with erosion of XCI. Proteomic analysis, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and polysome profiling showed that XCI erosion resulted in amplified RNA and protein expression from X-linked genes, providing a proteomic characterization of skewed dosage compensation. Increased protein expression was also detected from autosomal genes without an mRNA increase, thus altering the protein-RNA correlation between the X chromosome and autosomes. XCI-eroded lines display an ∼13% increase in total cell protein content, with increased ribosomal proteins, ribosome biogenesis and translation factors, and polysome levels. We conclude that XCI erosion in iPSCs causes a remodeling of the proteome, affecting the expression of a much wider range of proteins and disease-linked loci than previously realized

Population-scale proteome variation in human induced pluripotent stem cells

Human disease phenotypes are driven primarily by alterations in protein expression and/or function. To date, relatively little is known about the variability of the human proteome in populations and how this relates to variability in mRNA expression and to disease loci. Here, we present the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), a key cell type for disease modelling, analysing 202 iPSC lines derived from 151 donors, with integrated transcriptome and genomic sequence data from the same lines. We characterised the major genetic and non-genetic determinants of proteome variation across iPSC lines and assessed key regulatory mechanisms affecting variation in protein abundance. We identified 654 protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) in iPSCs, including disease-linked variants in protein-coding sequences and variants with trans regulatory effects. These include pQTL linked to GWAS variants that cannot be detected at the mRNA level, highlighting the utility of dissecting pQTL at peptide level resolution

Transcriptome analysis from high-throughput sequencing count data

Les technologies de séquençage jouent un rôle croissant dans l'analyse de l'expression des transcrits . La méthode la plus courante de séquençage du transcriptome, RNA-Seq est une méthode d'investigation d'une population de transcrits par cisaillement aléatoire, amplification et séquençage à haut débit. Les données issues du RNA-Seq peuvent être utilisées pour la quantification des niveaux d'expression des transcrits et pour la détection des régions transcrites et demandent des approches bioinformatiques.Nous avons développé des approches statistiques pour l'estimation des niveaux de transcription et l'identification des frontières de transcription sans faire usage de l'annotation existante et pour l'analyse des différences dans l'expression entre deux conditions. La reconstruction du paysage transcriptionel est faite dans un cadre probabiliste (Chaînes de Markov Caché - HMM) ou les variations du niveau de la transcription sont prises en compte en termes de changements brusques et de dérives. Le HMM est complété par une loi d'émission qui capture la variance des comptages dans un transcrit, l'auto-corrélation de courte portée et la fraction des positions avec zéro comptages. L'estimation repose sur un algorithme de Monte Carlo Séquentiel (SMC), le Particle Gibbs, dont le temps d'exécution est plus adapté aux génomes microbiennes. L'analyse des différences dans l'expression (DE) est réalisée sans faire usage de l'annotation existante. L'estimation de DE est premièrement faite à la résolution de position et en suite les régions avec un signal DE continu sont agrégés. Deux programmes nommés Parseq et Pardiff sont disponibles à http://www.lgm.upmc.fr/parseq/.In this thesis we address the problem of reconstructing the transcription profile from RNA-Seq reads in cases where the reference genome is available but without making use of existing annotation. In the first two chapters consist of an introduction to the biological context, high-throughput sequencing and the statistical methods that can be used in the analysis of series of counts. Then we present our contribution for the RNA-Seq read count model, the inference transcription profile by using Particle Gibbs and the reconstruction of DE regions. The analysis of several data-sets proved that using Negative Binomial distributions to model the read count emission is not generally valid. We develop a mechanistic model which accounts for the randomness generated within all RNA-Seq protocol steps. Such a model is particularly important for the assessment of the credibility intervals associated with the transcription level and coverage changes. Next, we describe a State Space Model accounting for the read count profile for observations and transcription profile for the latent variable. For the transition kernel we design a mixture model combining the possibility of making, between two adjacent positions, no move, a drift move or a shift move. We detail our approach for the reconstruction of the transcription profile and the estimation of parameters using the Particle Gibbs algorithm. In the fifth chapter we complete the results by presenting an approach for analysing differences in expression without making use of existing annotation. The proposed method first approximates these differences for each base-pair and then aggregates continuous DE regions

Etude du transcriptome à partir de données de comptages issues de séquençage haut débit

In this thesis we address the problem of reconstructing the transcription profile from RNA-Seq reads in cases where the reference genome is available but without making use of existing annotation. In the first two chapters consist of an introduction to the biological context, high-throughput sequencing and the statistical methods that can be used in the analysis of series of counts. Then we present our contribution for the RNA-Seq read count model, the inference transcription profile by using Particle Gibbs and the reconstruction of DE regions. The analysis of several data-sets proved that using Negative Binomial distributions to model the read count emission is not generally valid. We develop a mechanistic model which accounts for the randomness generated within all RNA-Seq protocol steps. Such a model is particularly important for the assessment of the credibility intervals associated with the transcription level and coverage changes. Next, we describe a State Space Model accounting for the read count profile for observations and transcription profile for the latent variable. For the transition kernel we design a mixture model combining the possibility of making, between two adjacent positions, no move, a drift move or a shift move. We detail our approach for the reconstruction of the transcription profile and the estimation of parameters using the Particle Gibbs algorithm. In the fifth chapter we complete the results by presenting an approach for analysing differences in expression without making use of existing annotation. The proposed method first approximates these differences for each base-pair and then aggregates continuous DE regions.Les technologies de séquençage jouent un rôle croissant dans l'analyse de l'expression des transcrits . La méthode la plus courante de séquençage du transcriptome, RNA-Seq est une méthode d'investigation d'une population de transcrits par cisaillement aléatoire, amplification et séquençage à haut débit. Les données issues du RNA-Seq peuvent être utilisées pour la quantification des niveaux d'expression des transcrits et pour la détection des régions transcrites et demandent des approches bioinformatiques.Nous avons développé des approches statistiques pour l'estimation des niveaux de transcription et l'identification des frontières de transcription sans faire usage de l'annotation existante et pour l'analyse des différences dans l'expression entre deux conditions. La reconstruction du paysage transcriptionel est faite dans un cadre probabiliste (Chaînes de Markov Caché - HMM) ou les variations du niveau de la transcription sont prises en compte en termes de changements brusques et de dérives. Le HMM est complété par une loi d'émission qui capture la variance des comptages dans un transcrit, l'auto-corrélation de courte portée et la fraction des positions avec zéro comptages. L'estimation repose sur un algorithme de Monte Carlo Séquentiel (SMC), le Particle Gibbs, dont le temps d'exécution est plus adapté aux génomes microbiennes. L'analyse des différences dans l'expression (DE) est réalisée sans faire usage de l'annotation existante. L'estimation de DE est premièrement faite à la résolution de position et en suite les régions avec un signal DE continu sont agrégés. Deux programmes nommés Parseq et Pardiff sont disponibles à http://www.lgm.upmc.fr/parseq/

Parseq: reconstruction of microbial transcription landscape from RNA-Seq read counts using state-space models

International audienceMotivation: The most common RNA-Seq strategy consists of random shearing, amplification and high-throughput sequencing of the RNA fraction. Methods to analyze transcription level variations along the genome from the read count profiles generated by the RNA-Seq protocol are needed. Results: We developed a statistical approach to estimate the local transcription levels and to identify transcript borders. This transcriptional landscape reconstruction relies on a state-space model to describe transcription level variations in terms of abrupt shifts and more progressive drifts. A new emission model is introduced to capture not only the read count variance inside a transcript but also its short-range autocorrelation and the fraction of positions with zero counts. The estimation relies on a particle Gibbs algorithm whose running time makes it more suited to microbial genomes. The approach outperformed read-overlapping strategies on synthetic and real microbial datasets

Multi-omics characterization of interaction-mediated control of human protein abundance levels

Proteogenomic studies of cancer samples have shown that copy-number variation can be attenuated at the protein level for a large fraction of the proteome, likely due to the degradation of unassembled protein complex subunits. Such interaction-mediated control of protein abundance remains poorly characterized. To study this, we compiled genomic, (phospho)proteomic and structural data for hundreds of cancer samples and find that up to 42% of 8,124 analyzed proteins show signs of post-transcriptional control. We find evidence of interaction-dependent control of protein abundance, correlated with interface size, for 516 protein pairs, with some interactions further controlled by phosphorylation. Finally, these findings in cancer were reflected in variation in protein levels in normal tissues. Importantly, expression differences due to natural genetic variation were increasingly buffered from phenotype differences for highly attenuated proteins. Altogether, this study further highlights the importance of posttranscriptional control of protein abundance in cancer and healthy cells.ISSN:1535-9476ISSN:1535-948

Deciphering regulatory networks of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum by primary transcriptome mapping

Deciphering regulatory networks of the fish pathogen [i]Flavobacterium psychrophilum[/i] by primary transcriptome mapping. 4. International Conference on Flavobacterium - Flavobacterium 201