Distancia lingüística, a nivel fonético-fonológico, entre las lenguas china y española

A menudo nos encontramos obstáculos en el camino del aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. Estos suelen ser numerosos si existe una gran distancia lingüística entre la lengua materna y la segunda lengua. Conocer las diferencias entre lenguas ayuda a salvar algunos de ellos. En el presente trabajo se tratan algunas de las diferencias que presentan las lenguas china y española a nivel fonético-fonológico. Conocer estas diferencias puede facilitar la tarea de sinólogos e hispanistas durante el aprendizaje de la otra lengua.We often come across some obstacles in the path of learning a foreign language. These tend to be numerous if there is a large linguistic distance between the mother language and the second language. Knowing the differences between those languages helps avoiding some of the difficulties. In the present paper we have worked with some differences that the Chinese and Spanish languages present at a phonetic-phonological level. Knowing these differences may facilitate the task of sinologists and hispanists during the process of learning the other language

Abanico específico cultural en torno al fenómeno homófono en lengua china

La lengua china tiene ciertas características que la hacen singular y que provocan que resulte increíblemente difícil para algunos y extremadamente atractiva para otros. Se podría afirmar que una de ellas es su gran cantidad de palabras homófonas y las peculiaridades que ello conlleva. Dicha característica, no solo ha despertado el interés de lingüistas y pensadores, si no que además es posible que haya sido decisiva durante el proceso evolutivo natural de la lengua, hasta conformarla tal y como la conocemos hoy. En la presente investigación se procura indagar acerca de ciertos elementos que, debido al fenómeno homófono, han adquirido una carga simbólica específica para los miembros de la cultura china y que a su vez no solo están presentes en su lengua, sino que son usados con frecuencia, siendo así, a nuestro parecer, uno de los enlaces más importantes de la relación íntima e inseparable entre su lengua y su cultura.Chinese language has certain characteristics that make it unique, being at the same time extremely difficult for some people and highly attractive for some others. One of the features that make Chinese language fascinating is the large amount of homophones and the peculiarities that this entails. This fact has not only fostered the interest of linguists and thinkers, it has also been decisive within the evolution of the language itself, shaping it the way we know it today. The purpose of this research aims to investigate those elements that have acquired certain symbolic charge due to the homophone phenomenon in the Chinese culture, which are comprised within the language and are frequently used, being so, as we reckon, one of the most important features of the indivisible relation between the language and the culture

EXPLICACIONES MITOLÓGICAS SOBRE EL ORIGEN DE LA ESCRITURA CHINA

The origin of the Chinese writing is still a matter of great interest nowadays. In the present work we intend to expose certain aspects of this writing system, focusing our research on its origins and paying special attention to the mythological explanations that have been given in this regard. Four major characters of the Chinese mythology are exposed, around which myths about the beginning of this millenary writing have been focused on.El origen de la escritura china sigue siendo a día de hoy una cuestión que no deja de despertar gran interés. Con el presente trabajo pretendemos exponer ciertos aspectos de dicha escritura, centrando la investigación en sus orígenes y prestando una especial atención a las explicaciones mitológicas que se han dado al respecto. Se exponen cuatro personajes destacados de la mitología china en torno a los cuales se han centrado los mitos sobre el inicio de esta escritura milenaria

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El vínculo inseparable entre lengua y cultura : casos de elementos con relevancia simbólica en lenguas asiáticas

En el presente estudio se procura indagar acerca de aquellos elementos que tienen una carga simbólica específica para los miembros de una determinada cultura y que a su vez están presentes en su lengua, siendo así el enlace de la relación íntima e inseparable entre lengua y cultura. Para ello, se tratan, en primer lugar, las nociones de cultura y lenguaje, procurando posteriormente investigar qué se considera culturalmente específico y cuál es su relación con la lengua. Por último, se analizan ciertos elementos con relevancia simbólica en culturas asiáticas y su presencia en la fraseología.In the present study we are attempting to investigate those elements that have a specific symbolic charge for some members of a given culture, which are also comprised within their language, being so the bond between language and culture, which have an intimate and inseparable relation. For that, in the first place, we looked upon the notions of culture and language, trying afterwards to research what is considered culturally specific and its connection with the language. Lastly, we analyze some items with symbolic importance within Asian culture and its presence in phraseology

La naturaleza como espacio sagrado de la filosofía taoísta. Su presencia en obras literarias clásicas y expresiones lingüísticas chinas de uso común

The sacred character that according to Taoist way of thinking is given to nature is the central axis of this investigation. We analyze the context in which this philosophy was developed and we present some of its fundamental principles, all this will be useful to understand how the sacralization process took place. We deal with all this in relation to paradigmatic cases of classical literature through allusions to nature and certain Chinese linguistic expressions of a Taoist nature that we also explain throughout our presentation.El carácter sagrado que según el pensamiento taoísta se le otorga a la naturaleza es el eje central de la presente investigación. En ella analizamos el contexto en el que se desarrolló dicha filosofía y presentamos algunos de sus principios fundamentales, todo esto será de utilidad para entender cómo se produjo el proceso de sacralización. Tratamos todo ello en relación con casos paradigmáticos de literatura clásica con alusiones a la naturaleza y ciertas expresiones lingüísticas chinas de carácter taoísta que asimismo explicamos a lo largo de nuestra exposición

La escritura china : origen, evolución y estilos

Puesto que los sistemas de escritura conforman una parte fundamental de las lenguas, y que la escritura china reúne una serie de características distintivas que, sin lugar a duda, la hacen singular, este trabajo pretende realizar una aproximación cognitiva a dicha escritura, haciendo un recorrido histórico que permita indagar en las distintas etapas, procesos evolutivos y formas por las que ha pasado desde sus comienzos hasta nuestros días.Since writing systems form a fundamental part of languages, and the Chinese writing has many distinctive characteristics that, without any doubt, make it unique, this research tries to make a cognitive approach to that writing system, doing a historical journey, which allows inquiring into different stages, evolutionary processes and ways in which it has been since its inception until nowadays

Association of HLA-B*41:02 with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis) in Spanish individuals irrespective of the HLA-DRB1 status

INTRODUCTION: A study was conducted to determine whether the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B alleles are implicated in the susceptibility to Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) in the largest series of Caucasian HSP patients ever assessed for genetic studies. METHODS: The study population was composed of 349 Spanish patients diagnosed with HSP fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology and the Michel et al. classification criteria, and 335 sex and ethnically matched controls. HLA-B phenotypes were determined by sequencing-based typing (SBT) and analyzed by chi-square or Fisher exact test. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase of HLA-B*41:02 allele in HSP patients when compared with controls was found (8.3% versus 1.5% respectively; P = 0.0001; OR (odds ratio) =5.76 [2.15-19.3]). These results remained statistically significant after adjusting for Bonferroni correction (P = 0.0028). An internal validation also confirmed the susceptibility effect on HSP associated with HLA-B*41:02 (OR = 5.70 [1.98-16.44]). Since a former study described an association between HLA-DRB1*01:03 and HSP susceptibility, we also evaluated the implication of HLA-B*41:02 independently of HLA-DRB1*01:03. Interestingly, the association remained statistically significant (P = 0.0004, OR = 4.97 [1.8-16.9]). No HLA-B association with specific HSP clinical features was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that HLA-B*41:02 is associated with the susceptibility to HSP in Spanish patients irrespective of HLA-DRB1 status.This study was supported by a grant from ‘Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias’ PI12/00193 (Spain). RLM is a recipient of a Sara Borrell postdoctoral fellowship from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III at the Spanish Ministry of Health (Spain) (CD12/00425). FG and BU are supported by funds from the RETICS Program (RIER) (RD12/0009/0013).Ye

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions