Food security:reflections on a complex problem

RESUMO. O combate à má alimentação em todas as suas formas, que também se expressa na epidemia da obesidade, é uma das prioridades da Agenda 2030 e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Este artigo traz elementos sobre insegurança alimentar no Brasil, a partir de temas relativos ao crescimento populacional, mudanças climáticas, biodiversidade e sistemas alimentares tradicionais e regenerativos; trata também do papel dos movimentos sociais para a garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. O Grupo de Pesquisa em Nutrição e Pobreza, o Saúde Planetária Brasil, e o Centro de Inteligência Artificial (C4AI) - Eixo AgriBio, entendem que a retomada organizada e sistêmica das frentes apontadas neste artigo de posicionamento, pode constituir um caminho para a articulação entre pesquisa, serviço e políticas públicas na direção do combate à fome e às demais manifestações da má alimentação, enquanto problema complexo prioritário para a garantia do bem-estar social

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mosquito Fauna and Spatial Distribution in an Atlantic Forest Area in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, Reveal a High Risk of Transmission of Yellow Fever and Other Arboviruses

In 2017–2019, Brazil recorded its most severe outbreak of yellow fever due to the spread of the virus (YFV) in the country’s southeast. Here, we investigated mosquito fauna and the spatial distribution of species in a primatology center in the Atlantic Forest bioregion in Rio de Janeiro state to evaluate the risk of YFV transmission in distinct environments. Fortnightly mosquito collections were performed from December 2018 to December 2019 at 12 sites along a disturbance gradient from a modified environment to 400 m inside the forest. We used ovitraps, BG-Sentinel, and protected human attraction (PHA). A total of 9349 mosquitoes of 21 species were collected. The collection method strongly influenced the captured fauna, with species such as Anopheles cruzii, Psorophora ferox, Runchomyia cerqueirai, Wyeomyia incaudata, Wy. theobaldi, Sabethes chloropterus, and Sa. albiprivus only collected via PHA. Collections with ovitraps resulted in low diversity and richness, with Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Hg. janthinomys/capricornii predominating. The diverse local fauna and the abundance and ubiquity of the latter species, which are the primary vectors of YFV, indicated that this area was highly vulnerable to arbovirus transmission, especially yellow fever, highlighting the need for improved surveillance and vaccination coverage in human and captive endangered non-human primates

Genome analysis of yellow fever virus of Brazil ongoing outbreak reveals polymorphisms

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-04-15T14:02:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 myrna_bonaldo_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 984162 bytes, checksum: 20aee3932135122c8774a8618634261b (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-04-15T14:16:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 myrna_bonaldo_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 984162 bytes, checksum: 20aee3932135122c8774a8618634261b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-15T14:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 myrna_bonaldo_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 984162 bytes, checksum: 20aee3932135122c8774a8618634261b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais. MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilThe current yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil is the most severe recently reported in the country. It has rapidly spread to areas where YF viral activity have not been observed for more than seventy years and vaccine coverage is almost null. Here, we sequenced the whole YF genome of two naturally infected howler-monkeys (Alouatta clamitans) from the Municipality of Domingos Martins, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The ongoing-outbreak genome sequences are identical. They clustered in 1E sub-clade (South America I genotype) together with recent Brazilian and Venezuelan strains characterized from infections in humans and non-humans primates. However, we detected eight unique amino acid changes in the viral proteins, which are located in the structural capsid protein (1 change), and the components of viral replicase complex, the NS3 (2 changes) and NS5 (5 changes) proteins, suggesting a potential role in the capacity of viral infection to vertebrate and/or invertebrate hosts and spreading in the ongoing outbreak

First detection of natural infection of Aedes aegypti with Zika virus in Brazil and throughout South America

Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused a major epidemic in Brazil and several other American countries. ZIKV is an arbovirus whose natural vectors during epidemics have been poorly determined. In this study, 1,683 mosquitoes collected in the vicinity of ZIKV suspected cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 2015 to May 2016 were screened for natural infection by using molecular methods. Three pools of Aedes aegypti were found with the ZIKV genome, one of which had only one male. This finding supports the occurrence of vertical and/or venereal transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti in nature. None of the examined Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus was positive. This is the first report of natural infection by ZIKV in mosquitoes in Brazil and other South American countries. So far, Ae. aegypti is the only confirmed vector of ZIKV during the ongoing Pan-American epidemics

Zika virus can be venereally transmitted between Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-01-16T11:36:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 stephanie_campos_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 372285 bytes, checksum: 1667a7aa47a1d364612c19c9d9eb2a5f (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-01-16T11:45:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 stephanie_campos_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 372285 bytes, checksum: 1667a7aa47a1d364612c19c9d9eb2a5f (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T11:45:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 stephanie_campos_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 372285 bytes, checksum: 1667a7aa47a1d364612c19c9d9eb2a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Bilogia Molecular de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitos e Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Institut Pasteur. Arboviruses and Insect Vectors. Paris, France.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Bilogia Molecular de Flavivírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Background: Alternative transmission routes have been described for Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we assessed for the first time the venereal transmission of ZIKV between Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. Results: Orally-infected mosquito females were able to transmit the virus to males venereally, and males inoculated intrathoracically were capable of infecting females during mating. The genome of venereally-transmitted virus recovered from males was identical to that of ZIKV ingested by mated females. Conclusion: We conclude that venereal transmission between Aedes mosquitoes might contribute to Zika virus maintenance in nature