ストレス タイケン ニオケル ユウエキセイ ハッケン シャクド ノ サクセイ オヨビ シンライセイ ダトウセイ ノ ケントウ

本研究の目的は有益性発見尺度を開発し、信頼性と妥当性の検証およびレジリエンスにおける有益性発見の影響を検討することであった。研究1 では、大学生297 名を対象に有益性発見尺度を含む質問紙への回答を求めた。因子分析の結果、有益性発見尺度は「ポジティブな意味の付与」と「人間関係の再認識」という、2 因子で構成されることが明らかになり、各下位尺度の内的一貫性は十分な値が得られた。有益性発見尺度の下位尺度である「ポジティブな意味の付与」は、「重要性」、認知的統制尺度の各下位尺度、精神的回復力尺度の各下位尺度と正の相関を示し、「苦痛性」と負の相関を示した。「人間関係の再認識」は、「重要性」と認知的統制尺度の各下位尺度と正の相関を示した。以上から、有益性発見尺度の基準関連妥当性がある程度確認された。研究2では、縦断的なデータをもとに、有益性発見がストレスフルな出来事の苦痛や脅威を低減させるか否かを検討し、尺度の予測的妥当性を検討した。重回帰分析の結果、「ポジティブな意味の付与」は、「脅威性」の変化量に対して負の影響を及ぼしていた。以上より、一定の信頼性と妥当性を有する有益性発見尺度が作成された。また、青年期にある者の臨床的援助において、危機的状況から有益性発見を導く支援が、体験直後の「苦痛性」と一定の時間が経過した後の「脅威性」を低減させる可能性が示された。The purpose of this study was to　development of the Finding Benefits Scale (FBS), examine its reliability and validity and investigate influences of finding benefits on resilience. Participants described a negative life event which experienced at present and completed questionnaires (included FBS).In study 1, factor analysis revealed that FBS had two factors: Giving Positive Meanings (GPM) and Appreciation for Human Relationship (AHR). FBS had enough internal consistency. GPM had a significant positive correlation with importance of the negative life event, refraining from catastrophic thinking, logical analysis and resilience, and had a significant negative correlation with suffering. AHR had a significant positive correlation with importance of the negative life event refraining from catastrophic thinking and logical analysis. In study 2, participants evaluated the negative life event that had described in study 1 after 5 months and examined influences of finding benefits on the adaptation after the negative life event based on longitudinal data. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated GPM had negative effects for the variation of threats for the negative life event. These results suggest that the FBS has sufficient reliability and validity

Possible cross-feeding pathway of facultative methylotroph Methyloceanibacter caenitepidi Gela4 on methanotroph Methylocaldum marinum S8

Non-methanotrophic bacteria such as methylotrophs often coexist with methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) by cross-feeding on methane-derived carbon. Methanol has long been considered a major compound that mediates cross-feeding of methane-derived carbon. Despite the potential importance of cross-feeding in the global carbon cycle, only a few studies have actually explored metabolic responses of a bacteria when cross-feeding on a methanotroph. Recently, we isolated a novel facultative methylotroph, Methyloceanibacter caenitepidi Gela4, which grows syntrophically with the methanotroph, Methylocaldum marinum S8. To assess the potential metabolic pathways in M. caenitepidi Gela4 co-cultured with M. marinum S8, we conducted genomic analyses of the two strains, as well as RNA-Seq and chemical analyses of M. caenitepidi Gela4, both in pure culture with methanol and in co-culture with methanotrophs. Genes involved in the serine pathway were downregulated in M. caenitepidi Gela4 under co-culture conditions, and methanol was below the detection limit (< 310 nM) in both pure culture of M. marinum S8 and co-culture. In contrast, genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as acetyl-CoA synthetase, were upregulated in M. caenitepidi Gela4 under co-culture conditions. Notably, a pure culture of M. marinum S8 produced acetate (< 16 μM) during growth. These results suggested that an organic compound other than methanol, possibly acetate, might be the major carbon source for M. caenitepidi Gela4 cross-fed by M. marinum S8. Co-culture of M. caenitepidi Gela4 and M. marinum S8 may represent a model system to further study methanol-independent cross-feeding from methanotrophs to non-methanotrophic bacteria

Association of Habitual Physical Activity Measured by an Accelerometer with High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

After confirming the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and mortality in hemodialysis patients for study 1, we investigated the effect of physical activity on their HDL-C levels for study 2. In study 1, 266 hemodialysis patients were monitored prospectively for five years, and Cox proportional hazard regression confirmed the contribution of HDL-C to mortality. In study 2, 116 patients were recruited after excluding those with severe comorbidities or requiring assistance from another person to walk. Baseline characteristics, such as demographic factors, physical constitution, primary kidney disease, comorbid conditions, smoking habits, drug use, and laboratory parameters, were collected from patient hospital records. An accelerometer measured physical activity as the number of steps per day over five consecutive days, and multiple regression evaluated the association between physical activity and HDL-C levels. Seventy-seven patients died during the follow-up period. In study 1, we confirmed that HDL-C level was a significant predictor of mortality (P=0.03). After adjusting for patient characteristics in study 2, physical activity was independently associated with HDL-C levels (adjusted R2=0.255; P=0.005). In conclusion, physical inactivity was strongly associated with decreased HDL-C levels in hemodialysis patients

The Nonstructural Proteins of Nipah Virus Play a Key Role in Pathogenicity in Experimentally Infected Animals

Nipah virus (NiV) P gene encodes P protein and three accessory proteins (V, C and W). It has been reported that all four P gene products have IFN antagonist activity when the proteins were transiently expressed. However, the role of those accessory proteins in natural infection with NiV remains unknown. We generated recombinant NiVs lacking V, C or W protein, rNiV(V−), rNiV(C−), and rNiV(W−), respectively, to analyze the functions of these proteins in infected cells and the implications in in vivo pathogenicity. All the recombinants grew well in cell culture, although the maximum titers of rNiV(V−) and rNiV(C−) were lower than the other recombinants. The rNiV(V−), rNiV(C−) and rNiV(W−) suppressed the IFN response as well as the parental rNiV, thereby indicating that the lack of each accessory protein does not significantly affect the inhibition of IFN signaling in infected cells. In experimentally infected golden hamsters, rNiV(V−) and rNiV(C−) but not the rNiV(W−) virus showed a significant reduction in virulence. These results suggest that V and C proteins play key roles in NiV pathogenicity, and the roles are independent of their IFN-antagonist activity. This is the first report that identifies the molecular determinants of NiV in pathogenicity in vivo

Approachability in Stackelberg Stochastic Games with Vector Costs

The notion of approachability was introduced by Blackwell [1] in the context of vector-valued repeated games. The famous Blackwell's approachability theorem prescribes a strategy for approachability, i.e., for `steering' the average cost of a given agent towards a given target set, irrespective of the strategies of the other agents. In this paper, motivated by the multi-objective optimization/decision making problems in dynamically changing environments, we address the approachability problem in Stackelberg stochastic games with vector valued cost functions. We make two main contributions. Firstly, we give a simple and computationally tractable strategy for approachability for Stackelberg stochastic games along the lines of Blackwell's. Secondly, we give a reinforcement learning algorithm for learning the approachable strategy when the transition kernel is unknown. We also recover as a by-product Blackwell's necessary and sufficient condition for approachability for convex sets in this set up and thus a complete characterization. We also give sufficient conditions for non-convex sets.Comment: 18 Pages, Submitted to Dynamic Games and Application

Significance of Kampo, Japanese Traditional Medicine, in the Treatment of Obesity: Basic and Clinical Evidence

The cause of obesity includes genetic and environmental factors, including cytokines derived from adipocytes (adipo-cytokines). Although drug therapy is available for obesity, it is highly risky. Our main focus in this review is on the traditional form of Japanese medicine, Kampo, in the treated of obesity. Two Kampo formulas, that is, bofutsushosan (防風通聖散) and boiogito (防己黄耆湯), are covered by the national health insurance in Japan for the treatment of obesity. Various issues related to their action mechanisms remain unsolved. Considering these, we described the results of basic experiments and presented clinical evidence and case reports on osteoarthritis as examples of clinical application of their two Kampo medicine. Traditional medicine is used not only for treatment but also for prevention. In clinical practice, it is of great importance to prove the efficacy of combinations of traditional medicine and Western medicine and the utility of traditional medicine in the attenuation of adverse effects of Western medicine

Correction: Possible cross-feeding pathway of facultative methylotroph Methyloceanibacter caenitepidi Gela4 on methanotroph Methylocaldum marinum S8.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213535.]