Zur Reform der Einlagensicherung in Weißrussland - Kritische Analyse und Vergleich mit dem Deutschen Einlagensicherungssystem

Der aktuell diskutierte Gesetzentwurf für eine Reform der Einlagensicherung in Weißrussland verfolgt das Hauptziel, mehr Sparmittel der Bevölkerung für das planwirtschaftliche Wirtschaftssystem verfügbar zu machen. Bei einer nicht passgenau auf die Landessituation abgestimmten Ausgestaltung droht dabei aber die Gefahr, dass durch Moral Hazard-Effekte das ohnehin labile Bankensystem, das unter einer hohen Konzentration, staatlichen Eingriffen und einer schwachen Wirtschaft leidet, weiter destabilisiert wird. Das privatwirtschaftlich geprägte Einlagensicherungssystem in Deutschland als Vergleichsmaßstab zeigt vielfältige Ansatzpunkte für die kritische Analyse.The deposit insurance reform presently under discussion in Belarus aims at attracting more private savers? funds into the governmental directed economy. But the establishment of a deposit insurance system that does not precisely fit the country?s specific situation is prone to moral hazard effects which could further destabilize the fragile banking system that suffers from high concentration, governmental interference and a weak economy. The comparison to the German deposit insurance system, which relies partly on private organization, shows useful ideas for improvements

Zur Reform der Einlagensicherung in Weißrussland - Kritische Analyse und Vergleich mit dem Deutschen Einlagensicherungssystem

Der aktuell diskutierte Gesetzentwurf für eine Reform der Einlagensicherung in Weißrussland verfolgt das Hauptziel, mehr Sparmittel der Bevölkerung für das planwirtschaftliche Wirtschaftssystem verfügbar zu machen. Bei einer nicht passgenau auf die Landessituation abgestimmten Ausgestaltung droht dabei aber die Gefahr, dass durch Moral Hazard-Effekte das ohnehin labile Bankensystem, das unter einer hohen Konzentration, staatlichen Eingriffen und einer schwachen Wirtschaft leidet, weiter destabilisiert wird. Das privatwirtschaftlich geprägte Einlagensicherungssystem in Deutschland als Vergleichsmaßstab zeigt vielfältige Ansatzpunkte für die kritische Analyse. -- The deposit insurance reform presently under discussion in Belarus aims at attracting more private savers? funds into the governmental directed economy. But the establishment of a deposit insurance system that does not precisely fit the country?s specific situation is prone to moral hazard effects which could further destabilize the fragile banking system that suffers from high concentration, governmental interference and a weak economy. The comparison to the German deposit insurance system, which relies partly on private organization, shows useful ideas for improvements.Einlagensicherung,Weißrussland,Einlagengeschäft,Bankenaufsicht,Bankensystem,deposit insurance,Belarus,deposit banking,banking regulation,banking system

IL28B is associated with outcomes of chronic HBV infection

Purpose The role of IL28B gene variants and expression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are not well understood. Here, we evaluated whether IL28B gene expression and rs12979860 variations are associated with HBV outcomes. Materials and Methods IL28B genetic variations (rs12979860) were genotyped by pyrosequencing of DNA samples from 137 individuals with chronic HBV infection [50 inactive carriers (IC), 34 chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 27 cirrhosis, 26 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)], and 19 healthy controls. IL28A/B mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined by qRT-PCR, and serum IL28B protein was measured by ELISA. Results Patients with IL28B C/C genotype had greater IL28A/B mRNA expression and higher IL28B protein levels than C/T patients. Within the various disease stages, compared to IC and healthy controls, IL28B expression was reduced in the CHB, cirrhosis, and HCC cohorts (CHB vs. IC, p=0.02; cirrhosis vs. IC, p=0.01; HCC vs. IC, p=0.001; CHB vs. controls, p&#60;0.01; cirrhosis vs. controls, p&#60;0.01; HCC vs. controls, p&#60;0.01). When stratified with respect to serum HBV markers in the IC and CHB cohorts, IL28B mRNA and protein levels were higher in HBeAg-positive than negative individuals (p=0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that factors associated with high IL28B protein levels were C/C versus C/T genotype [p=0.016, odds ratio (OR)=0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.08-0.78], high alanine aminotransferase values (p&#60;0.001, OR=8.02, 95% CI=2.64-24.4), and the IC stage of HBV infection (p&#60;0.001). Conclusion Our data suggest that IL28B genetic variations may play an important role in long-term development of disease in chronic HBV infections.</p

Mechanisms of hypertension during and after orthotopic liver transplantation in children

The aim of this study was to assess the hormonal alterations that may mediate the systemic hypertension that develops in patients during the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation. We studied nine pediatric patients without previous hypertension or renal disease during six time points, starting before transplantation and ending at 48 hours after surgery. Hypertension developed in all patients in association with central venous pressures <10 mm Hg. Free water clearance was negative in all nine patients. Vasopressin levels increased intraoperatively but fell as hypertension developed. Atrial natriuretic factor levels increased as systemic blood pressure rose. A high level of plasma renin activity was observed in four patients with renal insufficiency. In six patients, postoperative 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion was within the normal age-adjusted range. These findings suggest that the combination of cyclosporine, corticosteroids, and, in some patients, an elevated plasma renin activity prevents the kidney from responding to the acute volume and salt overload with an appropriate diuresis and natriuresis, thus leading to systemic hypertension. The treatment of hypertension after liver transplantation may include salt restriction, diuretics, and, in those patients with a low creatinine excretion index, anglotensin coverting enzyme inhibitors. © 1989 The C. V. Mosby Company

Hepatic Regeneration: If it Ain’t Broke, Don’t Fix it

The capacity for the liver to regenerate after injury or resection has long been recognized, as implied by the legend of Prometheus. Resections of up to 70% of the liver are followed by a sequence of events that generally result in complete restitution of hepatic mass and function. Hypertrophy of hepatocytes begins within hours, with accumulation of amino acids and triglycerides and activation of enzymes that are associated with proliferative activity. Increased DNA synthesis is associated initially with hyperplasia of hepatocytes, and then other cells, which begins in the periportal region and spreads in a wave-like fashion to the pericentral region of the lobule. Quiescent hepatocytes are primed to enter the cell cycle and then proceed through the G1/S and G2/M restriction points, under the influence of a variety of proteins, growth factors (especially hepatocyte growth factor) and cycle dependent kinases. At each stage there is interplay between growth promoters and inhibitors, including transforming growth factor-beta and GABA. Factors that initiate hepatic regeneration are unknown, and might include hepatic depolarization, increases in blood flow, destruction of liver matrix (with release of growth factors), and increased production or expression of growth promoters compared to inhibitors. Regenerative activity increases with the amount of resection to a point, and then relatively declines. Uncontrolled proliferation of liver tissue after resection or injury is not necessarily beneficial, because it could lead to a diversion of resources from the maintenance of hepatic function and to an increased risk of neoplasia. Therefore, it is unclear whether clinicians should attempt to enhance hepatocyte regeneration. Since both hepatic regeneration and metabolic function require energy from high-energy nucleotide triphosphates, especially adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a reasonable strategy might be to augment energy delivery and ATP production. Mortality rates after limited (fewer than 70%) resections and mild or moderate injuries of previously normal livers are low, and supportive care is often sufficient. The prognosis is unclear; however, in cases of more massive resection, resections in the setting of underlying liver disease or cirrhosis, and fulminant hepatic failure, and liver transplantation is still an important option

Administration of hepatic stimulatory substance alone or with other liver growth factors does not ameliorate acetaminophen‐induced liver failure

Sixty‐two beagle dogs were given three doses of acetaminophen over a period of 24 hr in a fulminant liver failure model that is 70% lethal in 72 hr. Treatment of the animals with hepatic stimulatory substance alone or in a mixture with insulin, transforming growth factor‐α and insulin‐like growth factor II had no effect on mortality. Evidence of maximum regeneration with a mitotic index 20 to 25 times resting was the same in treated and untreated animals. Similarly, the biochemical and hematological indexes of liver injury were unaffected by therapy. These studies illustrate the futility of treating fulminant liver failure with exogenous growth factors that apparently are already present in large amounts in the natural response to liver injury. The results suggest that on‐going liver injury by mechanisms other than lack of growth factors is the central problem of fulminant liver failure. If so, provision of regeneration‐stimulating substance is an inappropriate therapeutic strategy. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;17:429–433.) Copyright © 1993 American Association for the Study of Liver Disease

PREDIKSI PELUANG KEMATIAN DAN KELAHIRAN MURNI PENDUDUK KABUPATEN MERAUKE MENGGUNAKAN METODE BIRTH AND DEATH PROCESS

This study aims to estimate the probability of birth and death purely based on gender and population data of Merauke City. The chance of birth and death will be used to estimate the life table of the elderly in a population of the City of Merauke. The method used in this research is the birth and process method. The Birth and death process method which is a Poisson distribution is used to predict the chances of birth and death at time t. If the birth and death process fulfills the linearity requirements, then the processes are called the Yule-Furry process. This research discusses the stochastic process of pure birth-death with two sexes in the Yule-Furry Process. From the data on the population of Merauke district which is divided based on the sex of men and women using the pure birth and death model, the calculation results show that the probability value at the time interval 0 ≤ t &lt;1 hour, at the initial time t = 0, the chance of individual birth at female sex is stationary at a value of 0.1762, while the chance of individual death for female sex is stationary at a value of 0.00154. The odds of birth and death in male individuals are stationary at a value of 0.305034 and 0, 059487

PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK IBU-IBU RUMAH TANGGA MELALUI PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN PEMBUATAN NOKEN KHAS MERAUKE PAPUA

Abstrak: Kelompok ibu-ibu rumah tangga yang dikenal dengan NUSA (Namuk Nusantara) terdiri dari 10 orang menjadi subyek pemberdayaan Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat  (PKM) melalui pelatihan dan pendampingan pembuatan Noken Khas Merauke-Papua. Adapun tahapan kegiatan ini meliputi sosialisasi kegiatan, pengenalan alat dan bahan rajut, pengadaan pelatihan dan pendampingan hingga peserta kegiatan mampu menghasilkan Noken, dokumentasi berupa foto dan video dan penyusunan laporan. Dari serangkaian kegiatan, dokumentasi dan wawancara yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa adanya ketertarikan, peningkatan kemampuan dan wawasan serta adanya tambahan secara ekonomi. Peserta yang awalnya kurang berminat, dengan menjalani prosesi kegiatan menjadi sangat antusias. Pemateri yang dengan sabar dan telaten memberikan arahan dan wawasan sehingga peserta secara mandiri bisa menghasilkan noken. Setelah kegiatan pelatihan dan pendampingan berakhir, beberapa peserta menghasilkan tambahan rupiah dengan kerajinan noken yang mereka tekuni melalui pemesanan secara online.Abstract: The group of housewives known as NUSA (Namuk Nusantara) consists of 10 people became the subjects of empowerment of Community Service Activities (PKM) through training and assistance in making Noken typical of Merauke-Papua. The stages of this activity include socialization of activities, introduction of knitting tools and materials, provision of training and assistance so that activity participants are able to produce Noken, documentation in the form of photos and videos and preparation the reports. Based on the activities, documentation and interviews, it can be concluded that there is interest, increased skills and insights as well as additional economics. Participants who were initially less interested, by going through the procession of activities became very enthusiastic. The trainer who patiently and painstakingly provides directions and insights so that participants can independently produce Noken. After the training and mentoring activities ended, some of the participants earned additional rupiah with the handicrafts they worked on through online ordering