Between the bars and between the lines. Exploring the Meaning of Fatherhood: An Analysis of a Letter-Writing Initiative with Male Minors in a Brazilian Juvenile Detention Centre

openThe research object of this paper involves the analysis of the father figure in the specific context of a male juvenile prison in Brazil. According to a qualitative and constructionist methodology, the paper is developed starting from the creation of a journaling project with minors. This project involves the writing of two letters for each participant, one intended for their father, and one intended for their son. The letters obtained, together with the corpus of data in general, were analyzed and compared with the reference literature

Study program to improve the open-circuit voltage of low resistivity single crystal silicon solar cells

The results of a 14 month program to improve the open circuit voltage of low resistivity silicon solar cells are described. The approach was based on ion implantation in 0.1- to 10.0-ohm-cm float-zone silicon. As a result of the contract effort, open circuit voltages as high as 645 mV (AMO 25 C) were attained by high dose phosphorus implantation followed by furnace annealing and simultaneous SiO2 growth. One key element was to investigate the effects of bandgap narrowing caused by high doping concentrations in the junction layer. Considerable effort was applied to optimization of implant parameters, selection of furnace annealing techniques, and utilization of pulsed electron beam annealing to minimize thermal process-induced defects in the completed solar cells

Development of methods and procedures for high rate low energy expenditure fabrication of solar cells

The objective of this program is to develop high rate, energy efficient solar cell processing techniques based around ion implantation and elimination of all conventional thermal operations. Cells have been fabricated using an abbreviated series of vacuum process operations performed at room temperature

The woman judge, Innocent III and the system of common law

Il testo illustra la condizione giuridica della donna nel Medio Evo, con particolare riferimento al suo status processuale. Malgrado i divieti contenuti nel Corpus iuris civilis e nel Decretum Gratiani, i giuristi attivi tra la seconda metà del XII secolo e l’inizio del XIII ammettono l’esercizio femminile della funzione giurisdizionale ex licentia principis o in ragione dello status personale. Con la decretale “Dilecti filii” del 4 novembre 1202, Innocenzo III riconosce la potestas iudicandi et arbitrandi femminile quando viene esercitata sulla base di una consuetudo approbata. La decretale pontificia e il pensiero dei giuristi possono essere pienamente compresi alla luce dei rapporti fra ius commune e iura propria: un tema, quello del sistema del diritto comune, sul quale si torna nuovamente a riflettere.This work illustrates the women’s juridical condition during the Middle Ages, with specific reference to their processual status. Despite the prohibitions contained in the Corpus iuris civilis and Decretum Gratiani, the jurists active from the second half of the 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century, allow the women’s exercise of judicial functions ex licentia principis or because of their personal status. With the decretal “Dilecti filii” of 4 November 1202, Innocent III recognizes the women’s potestas iudicandi et arbitrandi when it is exercised on the basis of a consuetudo approbata. The papal decretal and the thought of the jurists can be fully understood looking at the relationship between ius commune and iura propria, and give us the opportunity to reflect again about the system of the ius commune.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Applications of ion implantation to high performance, radiation tolerant silicon solar cells

Progress in the development of ion implanted silicon solar cells is reported. Effective back surface preparation by implantation, junction processing to achieve high open circuit voltages in low-resistivity cells, and radiation tolerance cells are among the topics studied

Seismic Risk Analysis of Existing Link Slab Bridges Using Novel Fragility Functions

In this paper, a comprehensive probabilistic framework is proposed and adopted to perform seismic reliability and risk analysis of existing link slab (LS) bridges, representing a widely diffused structural typology within the infrastructural networks of many countries worldwide. Unlike classic risk analysis methods, innovative fragility functions are used in this work to retrieve more specific and detailed information on the possible failure modes, without limiting the analysis to the global failure conditions but also considering several intermediate damage scenarios (including one or more damage mechanisms), and providing insights on the numerosity of elements involved within a given damage scenario. Reliability analyses are performed on a set of LS bridges with different geometries (total lengths and pier heights) designed according to the Italian codes enforced in the 1970s. Accurate numerical models are developed in OpenSees and Multiple-Stripe nonlinear time–history analyses are carried out to build proper demand models, from which fragility functions are determined according to two limit states: damage onset and near-collapse. Mean annual rates of exceeding are thus estimated through the convolution between the hazard and the fragility. The results shed light on the main failure mechanisms characterizing this bridge typology, highlighting how different levels of risk (hence safety margins) can be associated with failure scenarios that differ in terms of elements/mechanisms involved and damage extension. Such a higher level of detail in the risk analysis may be useful to better quantify post-earthquake consequences (e.g., costs and losses) and define more tailored retrofit interventions. A comparison of the reliability levels associated with bridges of the same class with different geometries is finally presented

Processing of silicon solar cells by ion implantation and laser annealing

Methods to improve the radiation tolerance of silicon cells for spacecraft use are described. The major emphasis of the program was to reduce the process-induced carbon and oxygen impurities in the junction and base regions of the solar cell, and to measure the effect of reduced impurity levels on the radiation tolerance of cells. Substrates of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 ohm-cm float-zone material were used as starting material in the process sequence. High-dose, low-energy ion implantation was used to form the junction in n+p structures. Implant annealing was performed by conventional furnace techniques and by pulsed laser and pulsed electron beam annealing. Cells were tested for radiation tolerance at Spire and NASA-LeRC. After irradiation by 1 MeV electrons to a fluence of 10 to the 16th power per sq cm, the cells tested at Spire showed no significant process induced variations in radiation tolerance. However, for cells tested at Lewis to a fluence of 10 to the 15th power per sq cm, ion-implanted cells annealed in vacuum by pulsed electron beam consistently showed the best radiation tolerance for all cell resistivities

Development of pulsed processes for the manufacture of solar cells

The results of a 1-year program to develop the processes required for low-energy ion implantation for the automated production of silicon solar cells are described. The program included: (1) demonstrating state-of-the-art ion implantation equipment and designing an automated ion implanter, (2) making efforts to improve the performance of ion-implanted solar cells to 16.5 percent AM1, (3) developing a model of the pulse annealing process used in solar cell production, and (4) preparing an economic analysis of the process costs of ion implantation

Da esule a civis anglus. Alberico Gentili e la difficile condizione dello straniero: tra vicende personali e riflessioni dottrinali

Alberico Gentili fled from Italy due to his adhesion to the Reformation and arrived in England in 1580. Autographed documents dating back to the early 1580s, and further sources, attest his condition as a foreign citizen, an exile religionis causa. Despite the adversity of the Puritan circles, in particular of the theologian John Rainolds, in 1587 Gentili became regius professor of civil law. However, the conflicts with those circles did not end: in the mid-1590s he continued to experience hostility for being a foreigner. For this reason, between 1594 and 1604, Gentili claimed not only the right of asylum but also the acquisition of English citizenship. The Justinian Roman law and the interpretations of the most authoritative legal scholars (Bartolus of Sassoferrato, Martinus Garati of Lodi, Alexander Tartagni, Andrea Alciato) supported his claims: the necessary and sufficient requirements to be considered civis anglus were represented by his stay in the Kingdom for over ten years and by his tenure at the university