Implementation of the Traffic Light System in Norwegian salmon aquaculture - success or failure for whom?

Since Norwegian Atlantic salmon aquaculture developed into a viable industry in the 1960s, it has grown into one of Norway’s most important sectors. A crucial factor influencing this growth has been the development of a management system which has facilitated the growth in an advantageous way. In the latter part of 2017, a new aquaculture management system started, called the Traffic Light System. This system came as a result of a six years long period of public and political discourses. The Traffic Light System represented a significant shift in how the industry is managed and how the continued growth in production will happen. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if the implementation process leading up to the initiation of the Traffic Light System was a success or failure, from the perspective of the government and different interest groups. The period analysed was from the Gullestad Committee in 2011 to the initiation of the Traffic Light System. To answer the aim of this thesis, the integrated framework for implementation studies developed by Søren C. Winters was applied. The result showed that when applying Winters framework, the success or failure of a policy depends on the perspective used when analysing it. From the Norwegian government’s point of view the process has been a success, while from the perspective of the interest groups it has been neither a success nor a failure

Public vs. Private Governance in the Norwegian Aquaculture: Can the ASC Supplement or Supplant the Public Regulations?

It is predicted that by the year 2050, the world population will reach 9.8 billion (UN, 2017). The need for fish as a good source of nutrition is also increasing. Total global aquaculture production is now exceeding the global capture fisheries production by over 18.32 million tons (FAO,2019). This increasing demand for aquatic animals as human food, limited marine captured fisheries, and the continuous development of biological knowledge altogether bring the opportunity to farm domesticate finfish species (Harache,2002). The range of species that the global aquaculture industry produces is diverse, and It ranges from unicellular Chlorella algae produced with the help of indoor bioreactors to the production of carnivorous Atlantic salmon in outdoor floating net cages (FAO 2019). As aquaculture is growing, various environmental, economic, and social concerns have been arising. These concerns include pollution, feeding practices, disease management and antibiotic use, habitat use, non-native species, food safety, fraud, animal welfare, impacts on traditional wild fisheries, access to water and space, market competition, and genetics (Anderson et al., 2019). Addressing these concerns requires proper management systems in place. The early development of the Norwegian aquaculture industry started in the 1970s and continued to grow so swiftly that aquatic animals' export value exceeded 65 billion NOK by 2016 (Norwegian Seafood Council, 2017). The industry now has been operating with the vision of representing a five-fold increment of the total production volume (5 million tons) by the year 2050 (Furuset, 2017, Olafsen et al., 2012, NSC, 2017). The Norwegian aquaculture industry is providing significant social and economic benefits to the nation. However, unlike the global aquaculture scenario, there are concerns about its wide-ranging impacts on the environment and ecology. Genetic disturbance and diseases that can be transferred to the wild stocks by the escaped farmed fish or the ingestion of contaminated wastage are some examples that can have negative impacts on the ecosystem (Fernandes and Read, 2001). Although the industry is compatible with handling most of the fish diseases and emissions, controlling some other factors like salmon lice and its impact on wild stocks, escapes, or fish mortality are still challenging. (Nofima, SINTEF Ocean and BarentsWatch, 2020). Although environmental issues are dominant, there are social and economic concerns increasing too. Conflict among different users for the same space, risk related to the workplace are some of the social challenges that the industry has been facing. However, the social benefits being driven by the industry by creating job opportunities or paying taxes are, to an extent, offsetting negative social and economic impacts (Nofima, SINTEF Ocean and BarentsWatch, 2020). To pave a sustainable way to reach the 2050 goal, a practical and suitable governance system must be exercised. Now, governance is not as simple as it sounds as it does not deal only with those things that governors do; rather, it represents the interactions between the governing bodies and those to be governed and thus, governance can be defined as an interaction itself (Kooiman, 2003). Governance can either be public or be private (Kooiman, 2003). Due to the increasing criticisms raised by science and NGOs against public governance for putting less effort than required, private governance (like the ASC or the MSC) is becoming increasingly influential in setting up and governing sustainable practices (Foley 2012). However, international certification schemes are not free from criticisms for being too generic and considering necessary local conditions as required. The Norwegian aquaculture industry has been governed by a combination of various acts and management systems. Among others, the Traffic Light System (TLS) is the newly introduced technology that came into effect on the 30th of October 2017 and is dedicated to aquaculture and regulates the production capacity of the Atlantic Salmon (Michaelsen, 2019). The system's three core aspects are the production zoning, environmental indicator (salmon lice), and the adjustment of production zones' production capacity based on action rule with threshold values (Michaelsen, 2019). On the other hand, the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), established in 2010 as a third-party independent certification scheme, is also working as a private governing body in the industry (The ASC, 2019). With eight principles and more than 150 indicators, this hybrid governance is, in some cases, challenging the public governmental policies (Vince, 2017). Although the Norwegian public governance and ASC have similarities and dissimilarities and are working in the same industry together, the necessity to compare, coordinate, and improve the interplay between them is not sufficiently explored

Sustainability conflicts in the blue economy: planning for offshore aquaculture and offshore wind energy development in Norway

Blue economy developments entail an industrialization of the world’s ocean and coastal areas, placing growing pressures on the marine environment and ecosystems. Moreover, the competition for ocean space and resources increases the likelihood for social conflicts. Marine spatial planning has been presented as a tool that can avoid or mitigate conflicts. However, there is a need for a more thorough analysis of the conflicts linked to the blue economy. The objective of this paper is to analyze characteristics of blue economy conflicts and how they are shaped by the institutional context and sustainability discourses. This study also explores perspectives on conflict management and pathways toward sustainable transformations in marine planning. Empirically, we use two case studies of blue growth industries in Norway: (1) offshore wind energy development and (2) offshore aquaculture development. Through these cases, we take a close look at the established principles and procedures which regulate conflicts. Our study shows how current blue economy conflicts are framed and handled through institutionalized practices of conflict management. Our findings are twofold. First, blue economy conflicts are not easily categorized through common conflict typologies (i.e., user-user, user-environment) but increasingly appear to be sustainability conflicts in which all actors use sustainability as a frame of reference for discussing possible and desirable futures. Second, conflicts are not necessarily a negative social process. In fact, conflicts often uncover unsustainable practices and create potential positive pathways for sustainable transformations.A correction to this article has been made. The file here is the updated version. Notes on the correction found here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40152-023-00342-0publishedVersio

Networking and collaboration between tourism and agriculture: food tourism experiences along the National Tourist Routes of Norway

Food and culinary routes have been embraced by many destinations (Hjalager & Corigliano, 2000). However, these routes often include narrow geographical areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and possibilities of networking and collaboration in a food tourism project in a larger geographic area, specifically the Taste of National Tourist Routes (TNTR) in Norway. Although contacts among business operators and participants have been established, different priorities and dissatisfaction among participants suggest that building relationships and sharing knowledge as part of networking and collaboration is difficult. A lack of willingness, involvement and trust are critical factors that affect the success of a well-intentioned network-based food tourism project. Additionally, internal conflicts between government ministries and agencies may also impede the success of a project of this scale. Nevertheless, the outcomes are not solely negative, as the establishment of initial contacts may eventually lead to formal collaborative opportunities and food tourism developments in the future

The Blue Economy in the Arctic Ocean: Governing Aquaculture in Alaska and North Norway

In the Arctic, the concept of the blue economy is increasingly dominating discussions on regional development. This entails utilising the region’s ocean-based resources in a sustainable way — both from a global and local level, as well as from an environmental and economic perspective. A crucial aspect in this development is how blue activities are regulated. The UNCLOS-regime plays a vital part in providing the mechanisms and procedures for states to manage marine resources more broadly. However, the predominant mode of governance for Arctic maritime activities will remain unilateral management by each of the coastal states. Thus, the national and local legal and political framework needs to be mapped. In this article we will explore and explain how aqua/-mariculture is governed in the United States (Alaska) and Norway (North Norway). This will be done by examining how parameters for blue economic projects are defined and determined at the international, regional, national and local governance level. Thus, our article will illustrate the complexity behind the blue economy. There is no such thing as one blue economy and no such thing as one Arctic, but it is still possible to find common ground and avenues for knowledge and best practice exchange. By this we will bring the academic and political discussions about the blue economy on the right track

Regulatory demands and risk assessment documentation for fire and explosion hazards in offshore petroleum activities connected to startup of Iceland’s Dreki Area

Master's thesis in Offshore technology : industrial asset managementSerious search has begun for oil and gas deposits within Iceland’s exclusive economic zone, more specifically in the Dreki area 335km north-east of Iceland. Icelandic authorities do not have the structure or experience to administrate and supervise offshore petroleum activities. It is however very important that these authorities are prepared if application for exploration drilling are handed in. To avoid starting at the beginning of the learning curve Icelandic authorities should look towards countries that are experienced in administrating and supervising such activities. Norwegian authorities have been quite responsive in adjusting their regulatory framework and regulatory regime to respond to recommended changes following major accidents and new challenges. Norwegian authorities base their regulatory framework on performance base regulations that are then supplemented with few specific requirements. This allows and encourages innovation and possible cost reductions. The chosen solution is however required to result the same performance or better than is required by legislation. The Norwegian management structure for offshore petroleum activities is quite simple. That is partly due to the fact that the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) takes on all matters concerning health, safety and the environment and from within collaborates and cooperates with other authorities regarding their respective area of expertise. Icelandic authorities should look towards the Norwegian approach to ensure safe extraction of oil and gas. There is noticeable movement internationally to separate the responsibilities of natural resource management and supervision of offshore petroleum activities. Icelandic authorities should implement performance based regulations and setup a simple management structure. It is suggested that the NEA holds the responsibility of awarding licenses for exploration and production. It is as well suggested that either the ICA or the AOSH take over the supervising responsibility and collaboration with other authorities as they hold considerable experience in processing and evaluating technical documents and information.Iceland Construction Authorit

Growth performance and welfare of post-smolt (Salmo salar L.) reared in semi closed containment systems (S-CCS) – a comparative study

The salmon industry faces challenges related to sea lice infestations, escapees, diseases and environmental impact. Semi closed containment systems (S-CCS) have been proposed to abate these challenges. In the S-CCS, cultured fish are separated from the natural environment by a physical barrier. The use of these systems reduces the time fish spend living in open sea cages. This study investigated and documented welfare and growth performance of Atlantic salmon through an acute challenge test experiment and a big-scale benchmark study. The acute challenge test experiment was conducted using post-smolts raised in two large scale semi-closed system (S-CCS: Preline and Neptune), with reference groups raised in open sea cages. The post-smolt was stressed by confining them in a holding tank with reduced water level for a short period. Corresponding baseline sampling was done on unstressed fish for comparable measurements. For the benchmark study, selected production data from six generations of salmon was used to compare growth and performance of fish raised in S-CCS (Preline) and in open sea cages (reference). The benchmark study was carried out in two phases. Phase one used post-smolts from approximately 100 g to 800 g in seawater, and fish in S-CCS were compared with a reference group from an open sea cage. The second, grow-out phase used salmon from approximately 800 g to 5000 g in open sea cages; here fish previously reared in S-CCS were compared with fish from a reference group. Fish raised in the S-CCS showed lower concentration of plasma cortisol, magnesium and lactic acid at baseline levels, giving a stronger response to the acute stress challenge than fish from the reference group. The results suggest lower basal stress in the S-CCS group compared with the reference group in open sea cages, as well as a more balanced response to stress in the S-CCS fish. The findings from the benchmark analyses showed a significantly lower infestation of sea lice in Preline fish during the post-smolt phase. Furthermore, in the grow-out phase the Preline group showed higher weight gain and higher final weight compared to the reference group in open pen (Weight at harvest: Spring transfer, Preline=4.65 kg vs reference group=3.79 kg, Fall transfer, Preline=4.87 kg vs reference group=4.03 kg). Finally, salmon raised in Preline showed significantly higher survival compared to the reference group, indicating increased robustness in fish raised in S-CCS when transferred to open net pens in sea. As the results indicate reduced stress, lower sea lice infestations and greater weight gain, S-CCS appears to have advantages compared to traditional long exposure to the natural environment in open sea cages in Norway. However, to determine the real potential of S-CCS strategy, further research is needed.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-BI

Managing transitions - integration of higher educational institutions in sustainability education in Norway

Context. This thesis audits the development of sustainability competencies in higher educational institutions (HEIs) within sustainability education. It examines how HEIs effectively cultivate competencies aligned with sustainability goals, by analyzing educational policies defining HEIs' boundaries, and exploring students' and alumni experiences as sustainability managers. The study illuminates the complex relationship between institutional initiatives, curriculum development, and competency attainment. It examines both accomplishments and obstacles, exploring how effectively higher education institutions promote a sustainable future. Study objective and research questions. The research objective is to investigate how transition managers should be educated, thus presenting three research questions: (i) Are today's educational policies suited to support the sustainability transition through the development of competencies and skills?; (ii) How are competencies and skills developed in today’s sustainability education?; and (iii) What needs to be improved in order to make higher education a better vehicle for fostering the transition? Methodology. Based on case studies from Norway, the research uses a comprehensive approach that combines content document analysis, descriptive statistics surveys, and in-depth interviews. The methods utilized complement each other to gain multiple perspectives and enhance the study's validity. Key Findings. Policy documents lack explicit sustainable competency definitions, resulting in vaguely described initiatives for future development. There is a consensus gap regarding a framework describing future competence needs, hindering action as institutions and businesses lack clarity on the next steps. Students generally agree on the extent to which they were taught sustainable competencies but differ in their understanding of practical application. "Happy" students grasp the 'how' and exhibit 'action competency,' while 'unhappy' students do not. This points to an institutional shortfall due to inadequate integration of sustainability competencies and insufficient real-world learning opportunities. Implications and contributions. This research enhances the discourse on sustainability education by comprehensively understanding its impact within the Norwegian context. Bridging the gap between theoretical aspirations and practical outcomes, the study contributes to educational policy, theory integration and practice, promoting a more robust approach to sustainability education. Conclusion. The study concludes that for HEIs to become better vehicles for fostering the sustainable transition, several areas must improve: Accelerating the transition requires involving small-scale actors, such as HEIs, rather than relying solely on a top-down approach. Incorporating HEIs empowers education to create sustainability managers at the ground level, necessitating their increased role in educational policy formation. Agreement on a detailed framework describing sustainable competencies and skills is essential for effective development, as the current lack of consensus impedes progress. To fully realize the potential of sustainable competencies, real-life learning opportunities must be incorporated into sustainable education, going beyond theoretical knowledge.Context. This thesis audits the development of sustainability competencies in higher educational institutions (HEIs) within sustainability education. It examines how HEIs effectively cultivate competencies aligned with sustainability goals, by analyzing educational policies defining HEIs' boundaries, and exploring students' and alumni experiences as sustainability managers. The study illuminates the complex relationship between institutional initiatives, curriculum development, and competency attainment. It examines both accomplishments and obstacles, exploring how effectively higher education institutions promote a sustainable future. Study objective and research questions. The research objective is to investigate how transition managers should be educated, thus presenting three research questions: (i) Are today's educational policies suited to support the sustainability transition through the development of competencies and skills?; (ii) How are competencies and skills developed in today’s sustainability education?; and (iii) What needs to be improved in order to make higher education a better vehicle for fostering the transition? Methodology. Based on case studies from Norway, the research uses a comprehensive approach that combines content document analysis, descriptive statistics surveys, and in-depth interviews. The methods utilized complement each other to gain multiple perspectives and enhance the study's validity. Key Findings. Policy documents lack explicit sustainable competency definitions, resulting in vaguely described initiatives for future development. There is a consensus gap regarding a framework describing future competence needs, hindering action as institutions and businesses lack clarity on the next steps. Students generally agree on the extent to which they were taught sustainable competencies but differ in their understanding of practical application. "Happy" students grasp the 'how' and exhibit 'action competency,' while 'unhappy' students do not. This points to an institutional shortfall due to inadequate integration of sustainability competencies and insufficient real-world learning opportunities. Implications and contributions. This research enhances the discourse on sustainability education by comprehensively understanding its impact within the Norwegian context. Bridging the gap between theoretical aspirations and practical outcomes, the study contributes to educational policy, theory integration and practice, promoting a more robust approach to sustainability education. Conclusion. The study concludes that for HEIs to become better vehicles for fostering the sustainable transition, several areas must improve: Accelerating the transition requires involving small-scale actors, such as HEIs, rather than relying solely on a top-down approach. Incorporating HEIs empowers education to create sustainability managers at the ground level, necessitating their increased role in educational policy formation. Agreement on a detailed framework describing sustainable competencies and skills is essential for effective development, as the current lack of consensus impedes progress. To fully realize the potential of sustainable competencies, real-life learning opportunities must be incorporated into sustainable education, going beyond theoretical knowledge

Final Report: Review of Decent Work and Tripartite Dialogue

The Decent Work and Tripartite Dialogue programme (DWTD) is one of the 32 programme areas supported under the EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014. The programme supports a broad range of activities aimed at enhancing Social and Tripartite Dialogue and promoting Decent Work in all of the 13 countries which are financed by the Norway Grants.The Review examined the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of the programme, as well as bilateral relations between Norway and the 13 beneficiary countries. In addition the potential policy influence was analysed. The consultants undertook a comprehensive review of relevant literature before interviewing the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (NMFA) in Oslo and the Financial Mechanism (FMO) in Brussels. Interviews with the principal Norwegian partner organisations were held in Oslo. Fieldwork was carried out in the form of detailed interviewing of project promoters in Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. The National Focal Points in each country were also interviewed. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was also consulted. The consultants undertook a comprehensive online survey of all 52 project promoters with a response rate of 82%. A Workshop on the Programme´s Results Framework was held in Oslo on 14 September 2015, providing inputs into the proposed design of a potential phase II