Proteomic analysis of the developing mammalian brain links PCDH19 to the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway

Clustering Epilepsy (CE) is a neurological disorder caused by pathogenic variants of the Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) gene. PCDH19 encodes a protein involved in cell adhesion and Estrogen Receptor α mediated-gene regulation. To gain further insights into the molecular role of PCDH19 in the brain, we investigated the PCDH19 interactome in the developing mouse hippocampus and cortex. Combined with a meta-analysis of all reported PCDH19 interacting proteins, our results show that PCDH19 interacts with proteins involved in actin, microtubule, and gene regulation. We report CAPZA1, αN-catenin and, importantly, β-catenin as novel PCDH19 interacting proteins. Furthermore, we show that PCDH19 is a regulator of β-catenin transcriptional activity, and that this pathway is disrupted in CE individuals. Overall, our results support the involvement of PCDH19 in the cytoskeletal network and point to signalling pathways where PCDH19 plays critical roles

Frataxin-deficient neurons and mice models of Friedreich ataxia are improved by TAT-MTScs-FXN treatment.

Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a rare disease caused by deficiency of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein. As there is no cure available for this disease, many strategies have been developed to reduce the deleterious effects of such deficiency. One of these approaches is based on delivering frataxin to the tissues by coupling the protein to trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptides, which enables cell membranes crossing. In this study, we tested the efficiency of TAT-MTScs-FXN fusion protein to decrease neurodegeneration markers on frataxin-depleted neurons obtained from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), one of the most affected tissues. In mice models of the disease, we tested the ability of TAT-MTScs-FXN to penetrate the mitochondria and its effect on lifespan. In DRG neurons, treatment with TAT-MTScs-FXN increased cell survival, decreased neurite degeneration and reduced apoptotic markers, such as α-fodrin cleavage and caspase 9 activation. Also, we show that heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), a molecular chaperone targeted to mitochondria, suffered an impaired processing in frataxin-deficient neurons that was relieved by TAT-MTScs-FXN addition. In mice models of the disease, administration of TAT-MTScs-FXN was able to reach muscle mitochondria, restore the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase and produce a significant lifespan increase. These results support the use of TAT-MTScs-FXN as a treatment for Friedreich ataxia. J Cell Mol Med 2018 Feb; 22(2):834-848

Estudio de la función de la vía NF-kappaB en las motoneuronas espinales y su relación con la atrofia muscular espinal

Les motoneurones espinals requereixen factors neurotròfics per a la seva supervivència i diferenciació. L’efecte fisiològic dels factors neurotròfics és mediat per l’activació de diferents vies de senyalització i factors de transcripció entre els quals es troba la via NF-kB. S’ha relacionat la desregulació de l’activació d’aquesta via amb diferents patologies neuronals. S’ha proposat NF- kB com a diana terapèutica en diferents malalties neurodegeneratives. En el present estudi hem analitzat els mecanismes intracel·lulars involucrats en l’activació de la via NF-kB i la seva implicació en la supervivència de les motoneurones induïda pels factors neurotròfics. Els nostres resultats demostren l’habilitat dels factors neurotròfics de fosforil·lar el complex IKKs a través de l’activació de la via PI3K/Akt i d’induir la translocació nuclear de RelA. Per altra banda, s’ha demostrat que únicament l’activació de la via canónica d’NF-kB té un efecte regulador sobre la supervivència de les motoneurones. El bloqueig de la via canònica causa mort apoptòtica. Aquelles motoneurones que degeneren al inhibir la via es poden rescatar mitjançant la sobre-expressió de la proteïna Bcl-xL o bé inhibint la proteïna Bax. No obstant, els factors neurotròfics també activen la vía no canònica d’NF-kB tot hi que sense implicació en la supervivència. A les motoneurones, la inhibició de la via canònica comporta un augment de la proteïna pro-apoptótica Bim, la disminució de la proteïna Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) i del factor de transcripció CREB. La reducció dels nivells de proteïna SMN causa la malaltia neurodegenerativa hereditària Atròfia Muscular Espinal (AME), que afecta específicament a les motoneurones espinals. En el nostre laboratori hem desenvolupat un model in vitro d’AME. La reducció dels nivells d’SMN causa degeneració neurítica i mort de les motoneurones. Aquests dos processos es poden bloquejar amb la sobreexpressió de la proteïna Bcl-xL. En conclusió, el nostre treball demostra la implicació de la via NF-kB en la supervivència de les motoneurones i aporta nous avenços per a comprendre l’AME.Las motoneuronas espinales requieren de los factores neurotróficos para su supervivencia y diferenciación. El efecto fisiológico de los factores neurotróficos esta mediado por la activación de distintas vías de señalización y factores de transcripción entre los cuales está la vía NF-kB. La desregulación en la activación de esta vía se ha relacionado con distintas patologías neuronales. Se ha propuesto a NF-kB como una diana terapéutica en distintas enfermedades neurodegenerativas. En el presente estudio hemos analizado los mecanismos intracelulares involucrados en la activación de la vía NF-kB y su implicación en la supervivencia de las motoneuronas inducida por los factores neurotróficos. Nuestros resultados demuestran la habilidad de los factores neurotróficos de fosforilar el complejo IKKs a través de la activación de la vía PI3-K/Akt y de inducir la translocación nuclear de RelA. Por otro lado, se ha demostrado que únicamente la activación de la vía canónica de NF-kB tiene un efecto regulador sobre la supervivencia de las motoneuronas. El bloqueo de esta vía induce muerte celular apoptótica. Las motoneuronas que van a degenerar por la inhibición de la vía NF-kB, se pueden rescatar mediante la sobre-expresión de la proteína Bcl-xL o mediante la inhibición de la proteína Bax. Sin embargo, los factores neurotróficos también activan la vía no-canónica de NF-kB aunque sin implicación en la supervivencia. En las motoneuronas, la inhibición de la vía canónica conlleva el aumento de los niveles endógenos de la proteína pro-apoptótica Bim y la reducción de la proteína Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) y del factor de transcripción CREB. La reducción de los niveles de proteína SMN causa la enfermedad neurodegenerativa hereditaria Atrofia Muscular Espinal (AME), que afecta específicamente a las motoneuronas de la médula espinal. En nuestro laboratorio hemos desarrollado un modelo in vitro de AME. La disminución de los niveles de SMN causa la degeneración de las neuritas y la muerte de las motoneuronas. Estos dos procesos pueden ser bloqueados por sobre-expresión de la proteína Bcl-xL. En conclusión, nuestro trabajo demuestra la implicación de la vía NF-kB en la supervivencia de las motoneuronas y aporta nuevos avances para la comprensión de la AME.The Spinal cord motoneurons require neurotrophic factors for their survival and differentiation. The physiological effect of neurotrophic factors is mediated by activation of different signaling pathways and transcription factors including NF-kB. Deregulation in the activation of this pathway has been associated with different neural pathologies. NF-kB has been proposed as a therapeutic target in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we analyze the intracellular mechanisms involved in the activation of NF-kB pathway and its involvement in motor neuron survival induced by neurotrophic factors. Our results demonstrate the ability of neurotrophic factors to phosphorylate the IKKs complex through the PI3-K/Akt pathway activation and induce a nuclear translocation of RelA. On the other hand, it has been analysed the involvement of different forms of NF-kB activation pathway on motoneuron survival and the results demonstrate that only the canonical pathway has regulatory effects on the motoneuron survival. The blockade of this pathway induces apoptotic cell death. Motoneurons that will degenerate by inhibition of NF-kB, can be rescued by overexpression of Bcl-xL protein or by inhibiting Bax protein expression. However, neurotrophic factors also activate non-canonical pathway of NF-kB but this pathway does not modulate motoneuron survival. In motoneurons, inhibition of the canonical pathway leads to increased levels of the endogenous pro-apoptotic protein Bim and reduction of the Survival Motor Neuron Protein (SMN) and the transcription factor CREB. Reduced levels of SMN protein cause the hereditary neurodegenerative disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), which specifically affects spinal cord motorneurons. In our laboratory, we developed an in vitro model of SMA. The decreased levels of SMN cause neurite degeneration and motorneuron death. These two processes can be blocked by overexpression of Bcl-xL protein. In conclusion, our study shows the involvement of NF-kB in the survival of motor neurons and provides new advances in the understanding of the SMA pathology

NF-κB signaling pathways: role in nervous system physiology and pathology

Intracellular pathways related to cell survival regulate neuronal physiology during development and neurodegenerative disorders. One of the pathways that have recently emerged with an important role in these processes is nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB). The activity of this pathway leads to the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factors and the regulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression. Different stimuli can activate the pathway through different intracellular cascades (canonical, non-canonical, and atypical), contributing to the translocation of specific dimers of the NF-κB transcription factors, and each of these dimers can regulate the transcription of different genes. Recent studies have shown that the activation of this pathway regulates opposite responses such as cell survival or neuronal degeneration. These apparent contradictory effects depend on conditions such as the pathway stimuli, the origin of the cells, or the cellular context. In the present review, the authors summarize these findings and discuss their significance with respect to survival or death in the nervous system

Disrupted excitatory synaptic contacts and altered neuronal network activity underpins the neurological phenotype in PCDH19-clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE)

Published: 07 January 2021PCDH19-Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is an infantile onset disorder caused by mutation of the X-linked PCDH19 gene. Intriguingly, heterozygous females are affected while hemizygous males are not. While there is compelling evidence that this disorder stems from the coexistence of WT and PCDH19-null cells, the cellular mechanism underpinning the neurological phenotype remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of Pcdh19 WT and KO neuron mosaicism on synaptogenesis and network activity. Using our previously established knock-in and knock-out mouse models, together with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, we demonstrate a reduction in excitatory synaptic contacts between PCDH19-expressing and PCDH19-null neurons. Significantly altered neuronal morphology and neuronal network activities were also identified in the mixed populations. In addition, we show that in Pcdh19 heterozygous mice, where the coexistence of WT and KO neurons naturally occurs, aberrant contralateral axonal branching is present. Overall, our data show that mosaic expression of PCDH19 disrupts physiological neurite communication leading to abnormal neuronal activity, a hallmark of PCDH19-CE.Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva, Alvaro F. Nieto Guil, Claire C. Homan and Jozef Gecz, Paul Q. Thoma