A Covid Competition Dilemma: Legal and Ethical Challenges Regarding the Covid-19 Vaccine Policies during and after the Crisis

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted multiple facets of our lives and created a number of legal and ethical dilemmas. One of the greatest challenges at present is the production and distribution of the Covid-19 vaccine. Refusing to supply Covid vaccines widely could affect millions worldwide, and the pandemic may last for a long time. The competition authorities’ monitoring of the health sector in many countries has been subject to changes in the current crisis. The question is whether we can force the Covid-19 vaccine manufacturers, legally and ethically, to sell their products and share their information with their competitors. Furthermore, what are the post-pandemic consequences of policies adopted during the pandemic? This paper employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the importance of competition and intellectual property policies as they relate to Covid-19. It concludes that instead of focusing on individual rights in a crisis, public rights need to be emphasised. However, we should not underestimate the post-pandemic consequences of policies adopted during the Covid-19 pandemic

<em>Haplophyllum tuberculatum</em>: An overview

Introduction: Haplophyllum tuberculatum, belonging to the Rutaceae family, is distributed in south-eastern regions of Iran, particularly in Baloochestan. This study was aimed to investigate and collect scientific reports such as morphological characteristics, phytochemical compounds, ecology, biotechnology and evaluation of the therapeutic properties of this valuable medicinal plant.Methods: In order to gather the information the keywords Haplophyllum tuberculatum, botany, genetic, biotechnology, therapeutic, and pharmacology were searched until 2016 from journals accessible in databases such as Scopus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Medline, PubMed, Embase, SID and Iran Medex.Results: The results in this study revealed various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, antioxidantant, uterus-relaxing, anti-bacterial and anti-HIV activities for this plant which are probably due to the presence of aromatic compounds such as two alkaloids named haplophytin-a and B, and essential oils.Conclusion: Haplophyllum tuberculatum possesses various pharmacological properties and the bioactive molecules of this plant play an important role in human health, hence, it might be used for different drug productions.</p

Green and practical synthesis of benzopyran and 3-sunstituted coumarin derivatives by Brønsted acid ionic liquid [(CH2)4SO3HMIM][HSO4]

Different benzopyran and 3-substituted coumarin derivatives were synthesized by a green and practical procedure in the presence of catalytic amount of Brønsted acid ionic liquid (BAIL) [(CH2)4SO3HMIM][HSO4] in water.KEY WORDS: Benzopyran derivatives, 3-Substituted coumarin derivatives, Brønsted acid ionic liquid, 1-(4-Sulfonic acid)butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2011, 25(2), 315-320.

Health and Medical Regulations in Iranian Law: Pre-Islamic and Contemporary Era

The present study aims at finding the origins of health and medical regulations in ancient Iran by reviewing some current regulations regarding these topics. The central question of this study is whether there is a significant difference between the current health law and medical regulations with pre-Islamic health and medical rules? Since the medical profession deals with the individuals’ body, mind, and spirit, and as healthcare is among the primary principles of Zoroastrianism, several practices of medical doctors of ancient Iran have been mentioned in Avesta and other Zoroastrian texts.Zoroaster emphasized the purity and sanity and exerted significant efforts to ratify rules and regulations in the medical field for the good of the patient. Vendidad contains different topics concerning the health issues; the Avestan text deals with the principles of medicine, medical system, patients’ rights, physicians’ competency, the relation between crime and illness, abortion, and medical ethics as well as the punishments for medical errors. Another ancient book, “Denkard” – belonging to the same era – has also addressed the critical issues found in health laws. This article will review health and medical-related regulations regarding some challenging topics (such as the importance of health legislation, physicians’ duties, abortion and euthanasia) in the pre-Islamic period, using an interdisciplinary and descriptive-analytical methods, and compare them with those in the contemporary era.This study shows that some standards and challenges have remained untouched from the pre-Islamic to the contemporary era

Fertility outcomes subsequent to medical and surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study in Iran

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) and its treatment methods may affect subsequent fertility outcomes. Objective: To compare methotrexate (MTX), laparoscopic salpingostomy, and salpingectomy methods of EP treatment and their effects on fertility outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on women receiving a definitive diagnosis of tubular EP from 2014 to 2017 at Arash Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. In total, 194 women were studied, of which 64 were treated with MTX, 52 underwent salpingostomy, and 78 underwent salpingectomy, depending on their clinical status. Basic information, obstetrics history, and major outcomes of the treatment after an 18-month follow-up, including recurrence of EP, miscarriage, and successful intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), were recorded and variables were compared among the three groups. Results: There was no significant difference in fertility outcomes among the three groups. Among the studied variables, predictors of successful IUP after EP treatment were multiparity (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.37; 95%CI: 1.06-1.77), no history of miscarriage (HR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.01-5.56), and a higher number of live births (HR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.01- 2.37). On the other hand, predictors of EP recurrence included nulliparity (HR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.02-2.53) and a lower number of live births (HR: 3.84; 95%CI: 1.43-10.98). The effect of other factors, including the utilized therapeutic modalities, was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The current study results demonstrated that after an 18-month follow-up, fertility outcomes, including recurrence of EP and successful IUP, were not significantly different among the subjects with EP treated with MTX, salpingostomy, or salpingectomy. Further studies with long-term follow-ups are recommended. Key words: Ectopic pregnancy, Fertility, Methotrexate, Salpingostomy, Salpingectomy

Study of Scheduling in Programming Languages of Multi-Core Processor

Over the recent decades, the nature of multi core processors caused changing the serial programming model to parallel mode. There are several programming languages for the parallel multi core processors and processors with different architectures that these languages have faced programmers to challenges to achieve higher performance. In additional, different scheduling methods in the programming languages for the multi core processors have significant impact on efficiency of the programming languages. Therefore, this article addresses the investigation of the conventional scheduling techniques in the programming languages of multi core processors which allows researcher to choose more suitable programing languages by comparing efficiency than application. Several languages such as Cilk++، OpenMP، TBB and PThread were studied and their scheduling efficiency has been investigated by running Quick-Sort and Merge-Sort algorithms as wel

Contextual intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorder: An RCT of a Parenting Program with Parents of Children Diagnosed with ASD

 ABSTRACT Background: This study investigated the effects of a manualized Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD), and essential elements of the intervention in promoting children’s participation and mothers’ parenting self-efficacy.Methods: Researchers conducted a randomized controlled trial. Participants (36 parents of children with ASD) were randomly assigned to wait-list control or intervention groups. The intervention comprised contextually reflective occupational therapy combines 3 elements: sensory processing patterns, coaching, and social support. We provided the program to promote child’s participation and parent’s efficiency.  During phases 1 the participants in the intervention group received CI-ASD as long as Treatment As Usual (TAU) and during phase 2 they received TAU only. We completed the outcome measures at three time points (pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up). Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews post-intervention to explore acceptability of intervention and participants’ experiences of CI-ASD.Results: The findings of the study indicate that CI-ASD can produce meaningful effects in eliminating sensory issues, promoting child participation and parenting efficiency in ASD families, compared to TAU. Parents reported high levels of acceptance and also confirmed the family’s achievements.Conclusion: These gains suggest CI-ASD as an effective intervention for children who have ASD and their families, but further studies are needed to declare and generalize the findings over time. Estimated effect sizes were in the large and medium ranges and favored the intervention group.

طراحی چارچوب مدیریت دانش هم‌افزا در بیمارستان‌ها و مراکز درمانی

Improving quality and reducing the expenses in Department of Health has always been one of the main priorities of different stakeholders and value seekers in this very prominent section of communities and governments. Knowledge asset management in this field has had an undeniable effect on the aspects of quality improvement and cost reduction strategies as well as playing an effective role in medical decision making and clinical processes. The purpose behind the present study was achieving a true understanding of the actual position knowledge management processes in health centers and hospitals. Moreover, it was aimed at proposing technology-driven solutions, based on knowledge management, to manage such valuable medical assets. The current study was qualitative from the viewpoint of administrative process, and falls into applied research from the perspective of results. In addition, in order to describe and discover the phenomena relating to knowledge management in hospitals, field studies have been drawn upon. To represent the findings, different approaches and methods regarding knowledge management in hospitals were expressed. In knowledge acquisition level, controlled and uncontrolled activities to elicit knowledge have been considered. Knowledge storage process, knowledge encoding, and benefits of reusing knowledge repertoires in hospitals have been regarded as well. Also, in publishing and distributing sector of knowledge, access was personalized and maintaining security has been expressed. Meanwhile, in the implementation and operation phase, the manner of using proved explicit knowledge has been mentioned. The results show that tools and indices of knowledge management are capable of helping the hospitals in acquisition, storage, retrieval, and learning assets relating to knowledge, both tangibly and non-tangibly. Applying knowledge process in order to utilize tacit and explicit knowledge in hospital environment is recommended. Knowledge management will be able to establish consistency in the knowledge structure resources in hospitals, assuring that by experts and elites leaving the field, their knowledge will remain stable and intact

سامانه مدیریت دانش، گزیری هوشمند برای بهبود در مدیریت خطاهای درمان

Errors in treatment process are of the main issues regarding patient safety in health centers and hospitals that have had a growing rate, causing concern in health industry. Using the knowledge associated with such incidents in hospitals has facilitated management as well as reporting process. It is also effective in managerial decisions. The purpose of this study is exploiting the main processes of knowledge management for improving the management and reporting medical errors for medical centers and hospitals, paving the way for achieving and recording the knowledge related to such incidents by presenting proper strategies. Afterwards, by disseminating and proper transferring of knowledge to right people, implementation and efficient utilization of this knowledge will be made possible. The present study is qualitative from the viewpoint of the implementation process and is applied from the perspective of studying the results. Next, to understand the role of knowledge management processes in hospitals, filed studies have been employed. In presenting the findings, we managed to achieve various methods and approaches of the four processes of knowledge management in management of documents related to errors in hospitals. The manner of doing different stages was considered from individual, group and inter organizational viewpoints. Then, the manner of gaining knowledge related to treatment errors was explained. At the stage of storing knowledge, the manner of coding knowledge and the benefits of reusing knowledge repositories in hospitals has been mentioned. At the stage of publishing and distributing knowledge, the importance of maintaining the security and privacy of individuals as well as respecting their privacy have been regarded. In the process of adoption and utilization, the method of using knowledge in making decisions and planning is expressed. The results reveal that knowledge management systems are capable of creating cohesion and sustainability. In explicit knowledge associated with treatment errors, they can also help preserve the knowledge and experience of experts and the elite in this field. In case they leave, this knowledge and experience will not vanish

An Analysis of the Life Experiences of Educators in Disadvantaged Areas in the Online Creativity Workshop

The aim of this study was to evaluate and analyze the experiences of teachers in disadvantaged areas participating in the Creative Instructor Training Workshop, which was held virtually. The study population was all participants in the part-time creativity instructor training courses of the Institute of Free Creative Higher Education in Tehran in 1400. The present sample consisted of 14 participants in the Creative Instructor Training Workshop who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews in a zoom interactive context and analyzed by content analysis method, and the interviews were continued until data saturation. Validity was assessed using peer review by colleagues and participants and reliability was assessed by coding the text of three interviews by unknown individuals outside the study. Findings in the form of 383 codes, 33 primary sub-themes and finally 16 repetitive sub-themes reflect the dimensions and quality of training of educators in deprived areas in the online creativity workshop. The results showed that the trainers had significant satisfaction with the workshop and their knowledge, attitude and skills in the field of creativity changed significantly after attending the workshop. Training evaluation questions will help the workshop staff to be more effective in designing and implementing future training program such as developing creative curriculum