Editorial:Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Trafficking in Health and Disease

The knowledge about the properties and importance of ionotropic glutamate receptor trafficking is ever increasing. Importantly, the pace of the progress has been accelerated in recent years. Here, our contributors provide a) reviews on specific topics that present an up-to-date overview of the field, as well as b) original articles with the relevant new findings

Understanding the diffuse gamma ray emission of the milky way - from supernova remnants to dark matter

Diffuse gamma ray emission from the Galactic center at 2-3 GeV, as well as the 12 TeV gamma ray excess in the Galactic disk, remain open for debate and represent the missing puzzles in the complete picture of the high-energy Milky Way sky. Our papers emphasize the importance of understanding all of the populations that contribute to the diffuse gamma background in order to discriminate between the astrophysical sources such as supernova remnants and pulsars, and something that is expected to be seen in gamma rays and is much more exotic - dark matter. We analyze two separate data sets that have been measured in different energy ranges from the ?Fermi-LAT? and ?Milagro? telescopes, using these as a powerful tool to limit and test our analytical source population models. We model supernova remnants and pulsars, estimating the number of still undetected ones that contribute to the diffuse background, trying to explain both the Galactic center and the 12 TeV excess. Furthermore, we aim to predict the number of soon to be detected sources with new telescopes, such as the ?HAWC?

CURVATURE TENSORS AND PSEUDOTENSORS IN A GENERALIZED FINSLER SPACE

We examine relations between the curvature tensor of associated symmetric connection and curvature tensors, curvature pseudotensors and derived curvature tensors of non-symmetric affine connection in Rund's sense

Inhibition of Post-Synaptic Kv7/KCNQ/M Channels Facilitates Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus

Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) facilitates the induction of synaptic plasticity and enhances cognitive function. In the hippocampus, M1 mAChR on CA1 pyramidal cells inhibit both small conductance Ca2+-activated KCa2 potassium channels and voltage-activated Kv7 potassium channels. Inhibition of KCa2 channels facilitates long-term potentiation (LTP) by enhancing Ca2+calcium influx through postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDAR). Inhibition of Kv7 channels is also reported to facilitate LTP but the mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we show that inhibition of Kv7 channels with XE-991 facilitated LTP induced by theta burst pairing at Schaffer collateral commissural synapses in rat hippocampal slices. Similarly, negating Kv7 channel conductance using dynamic clamp methodologies also facilitated LTP. Negation of Kv7 channels by XE-991 or dynamic clamp did not enhance synaptic NMDAR activation in response to theta burst synaptic stimulation. Instead, Kv7 channel inhibition increased the amplitude and duration of the after-depolarisation following a burst of action potentials. Furthermore, the effects of XE-991 were reversed by re-introducing a Kv7-like conductance with dynamic clamp. These data reveal that Kv7 channel inhibition promotes NMDAR opening during LTP induction by enhancing depolarisation during and after bursts of postsynaptic action potentials. Thus, during the induction of LTP M1 mAChRs enhance NMDAR opening by two distinct mechanisms namely inhibition of KCa2 and Kv7 channels

Metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors triggers hippocampal long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampus is the most extensively studied cellular model for learning and memory. Induction of classical LTP involves an NMDA receptor- and calcium-dependent increase in functional synaptic AMPA receptors mediated by enhanced recycling of internalized AMPA receptors back to the postsynaptic membrane. Here we report a novel, physiologically relevant NMDA receptor-independent mechanism that drives increased AMPA receptor recycling and LTP. This pathway requires the metabotropic action of kainate receptors and activation of G-protein, protein kinase C and phospholipase C. Like classical LTP, kainate receptor-dependent LTP recruits recycling endosomes to spines, enhances synaptic recycling of AMPA receptors to increase their surface expression and elicits structural changes in spines, including increased growth and maturation. These data reveal a new and previously unsuspected role for postsynaptic kainate receptors in the induction of functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus

Cilioretinal arteries and collateral vessels after occlusion of central retinal artery

© 2018, Inst. Sci. inf., Univ. Defence in Belgrade. All rights reserved. Background/Aim. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a disease of the eye where the flow of blood through the central retinal artery is blocked. It causes sudden, painless, unilateral and usually severe vision loss. The aim of our study was to examine significance of cilioretinal artery on collateral and neovasculatization development after occlusion of the central retinal artery. ­ethods. This study retrospectively reviewed all fluorescein angiography (FA) cases with confirmed CRAO and presenting, one or more, cilioretinal arteries on initial examination. The study included patients referred to the Clinic of Ophthalmology, Clinical Center Kragujevac for the examination in the period from January 2010 to January 2015. Ten eyes of 10 patients with confirmed CRAO and existing cilioretinal artery on initial examination were found and analyzed in this study. Results. This study included 10 (6 males and 4 females) patients from 50 to 76 years old (mean 66.3 ± 10.078 years). Visual acuity on initial examination presented on the decimal scale was from 0.01 to 0.2 (mean 0.087 ± 0.066). Intraocular pressure measured by applanation tonometry was in the range from 14 to 20 mmHg (mean 16.7 ± 2.540 mmHg). Cilioretinal artery was revealed on the first FA examination of all eyes. On control FA, in three eyes de novo collaterals were discovered. In the first eye, collaterals were discovered after two months, in the second eye after four months, and in the third eye after seven months of the performing the initial angiogram. Visual acuity was checked after one year. It was from light perception to 0.03 (mean 0.016 ± 0.009). Conclusion. The presence of cilioretinal arteries with preexisting or de novo developed collaterals was not enough to preserve visual acuity and prevent neovascularisation over a longer period after CRAO