38 research outputs found
The Planck satellite and cosmic concordance
In 2013, the Planck satellite, the third generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) satellite following COBE and WMAP, took its last observations and was flung out from L2 orbit where it had been collecting data since 2009. The final release of data and papers from the Planck collaboration will take place this fall of 2017. Planck's high fidelity maps of the CMB temperature and polarization have taught us an enormous amount about our universe, and I will review some of what we have learned, with a focus on giving simple explanations of the way in which these observations have constrained and confirmed the ÎCDM model. Despite the good agreement with ÎCDM, much attention has been given to possible hints of new physics in the Planck data, and I will describe our endeavor to confirm or deny them using the computational resources from citizen scientists at Cosmology@Home. Part of these hints could be explained as an excess gravitational lensing distortion of the CMB beyond that expected. The gravitational lensing effect will be pristinely measured by future CMB experiments, and I will describe my recent work developing methods to optimally infer the gravitational lensing potential from CMB observations
How Massless Neutrinos Affect the Cosmic Microwave Background Damping Tail
We explore the physical origin and robustness of constraints on the energy
density in relativistic species prior to and during recombination, often
expressed as constraints on an effective number of neutrino species, Neff.
Constraints from current data combination of Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP) and South Pole Telescope (SPT) are almost entirely due to the
impact of the neutrinos on the expansion rate, and how those changes to the
expansion rate alter the ratio of the photon diffusion scale to the sound
horizon scale at recombination. We demonstrate that very little of the
constraining power comes from the early Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect,
and also provide a first determination of the amplitude of the early ISW
effect. Varying the fraction of baryonic mass in Helium, Yp, also changes the
ratio of damping to sound-horizon scales. We discuss the physical effects that
prevent the resulting near-degeneracy between Neff and Yp from being a complete
one. Examining light element abundance measurements, we see no significant
evidence for evolution of Neff and the baryon-to-photon ratio from the epoch of
big bang nucleosynthesis to decoupling. Finally, we consider measurements of
the distance-redshift relation at low to intermediate redshifts and their
implications for the value of Neff.Comment: 11 pages. Replaced version extends our discussion of origin of
constraints and updates for current data, submitted to PR
CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves
CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB)
experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB
measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the
Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of
structure to the present day. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the
quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the
experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting
framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semi-analytic projection tool,
targeted explicitly towards optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar
ratio, , in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing
of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the
achieved performance of current Stage 2--3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast
the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology
allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a
flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments given a desired
scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semi-analytic
tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of
additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several
independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for
CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current
reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4
experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial
gravitational waves for at greater than , or, in the
absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of at CL.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, submitted to ApJ. arXiv admin note:
text overlap with arXiv:1907.0447
Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model
The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5Ă expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth readout differ from predictions based on models of the SPTpol system due to the higher frequencies used and parasitic impedances associated with new cryogenic electronic architecture. To address this, we present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise, which become dominant at high bias frequency. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G. These results also suggest specific changes to warm electronics component values, wire-harness properties, and SQUID parameters, to improve the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD space telescope
CMB-S4
We describe the stage 4 cosmic microwave background ground-based experiment CMB-S4
CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves
Abstract: CMB-S4âthe next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experimentâis set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2â3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5Ï, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL