Potential cross-contamination of similar Giardia duodenalis assemblage in children and pet dogs in southern Brazil, as determined by PCR-RFLP

Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite that has distinct genetic groups. Human infections are mainly caused by assemblages A and B, although sporadic infections by assemblages C and D have also been reported. Animals can be infected by a wide range of assemblages (A to H). The aim of this study is to identify the assemblages and sub-assemblages of G. duodenalis with zoonotic features in fecal samples of school-aged children, and in dogs that coexist in the same households in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples of 91 children and 108 dogs were obtained and G. duodenalis cysts were detected in samples from 11 (12.08%) children and 10 (9.25%) dogs. DNA extracted from the 21 positive samples was analyzed by PCR-RFLP, using the gdh gene. Results showed the presence of sub-assemblages AI (2/11), AII (4/11), BIII (2/11), and BIV(3/11) among children and AI (5/10) and BIV(3/10) in dogs, with zoonotic characteristics, and the carnivore specific assemblage C (2/10). G. duodenalis was found to infect both children and dogs living in the same household, with the same sub-assemblage (BIV) indicating that pet dogs are a potential risk of transmission of G. duodenalis to humans

OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health

Diagnóstico de Cryptococcus neoformans mediante la PCR- RFLP en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en pacientes hospitalizados en el sur de Brasil

Introducción: Cryptococcus neoformans es un hongo levaduriforme encapsulado, de distribución mundial, principalmente en regiones tropicales, causando infecciones en individuos inmunocomprometidos, sobre todo en los infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). La capacidad de infección de este hongo es variable, pudiendo citar la facultativa patogenicidad, cápsula con actividad fagocitaria y producción de melanina como antioxidante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de la PCR/ RFLP para la detección e identificación de C. neoformans directamente del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de pacientes ingresados en un hospital público de la ciudad de Lages, Estado de Santa Catarina, sur de Brasil, comparando el resultado con la tinción específica para el hongo y el crecimiento en medio de cultivo. Métodos: Las muestras fueran directamente teñidas con tinta china para observar la cápsula, bien como después sembladas en medio de cultivo (agar dextrosa Sabouraud y agar de Níger) para crecimiento fúngico; también se hizo la extracción del ADN con fenol-cloroformo. La técnica fue utilizada para amplificación del gen URA5 mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y después con las enzimas de restricción HhaI y Sau96I para genotipaje mediante la PCR-RFLP. Resultados: En dos muestras fueran aislados C. neoformans con la tinción china y amplificados en la PCR, en las cuales fueran identificados como var. grubii. Conclusión: El serotipo A var. grubii es lo más aislado en la criptococosis humana, principalmente en pacientes HIV, pero se desconoce la preferencia de este serotipo por este grupo de enfermos. Palabras Clave: Hongo; levadura; criptococosis humana; LC

Clonagem do cDNA e sequenciamento parcial do gene que codifica a enzima glutamato desidrogenase hepática de ovino

The mitochondrial enzyme Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH: EC 1.4.1.2) catalyzes the reversible deamination of the L-glutamate for 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) using NAD+ and NADP+ as coenzymes. It is one of the most important liver enzymes found in hepatocytes of cattle, sheep and goats. Infections by Fasciola spp., severe acute intoxication by toxins of plants such as Xanthium spp. and Senecio spp. as well as intoxication by copper result in the release of this enzyme in blood. The increase of the GDH indicates damage or hepatic necrosis in cattle and sheep. This is an enzyme of choice to evaluate the function of the ruminants. In the present study the cDNA, that codifies the GDH enzyme of the hepatocyte of sheep, was synthesized by means of RT-PCR making use of mRNA extracted from the liver of sheep. Part of the region where the cDNA of the GDH of the ovine is codified was amplified by PCR from primers synthesized through the comparison of the aligned sequences of Ovis aries, Bos taurus, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus available in the database. The cDNA was cloned in the vector pGEM®-T Easy (Promega) and inserted in Escherichia coli DH10B calcium competent cells by heat shock procedure. The plasmid DNA was purifi ed and after sequencing, the presence of 1292 pb was confirmed. The alignment of the sequence deduced of amino acid with other species revealed high homology among the GDHs.A enzima mitocondrial glutamato desidrogenase (GDH: EC 1.4.1.2) catalisa a desaminação reversível do L-glutamato para 2-oxoglutarato (α-cetoglutarato) usando o NAD+ e NADP+ como coenzimas. É uma das mais importantes enzimas hepáticas encontradas em hepatócitos de bovinos, ovinos e caprinos. Infecções por Fasciola spp., intoxicação grave aguda por toxinas de plantas, tais como Xanthium spp. e Senecio spp. e intoxicação por cobre resultam na liberação dessa enzima no sangue. O aumento da GDH indica danos ou necrose hepática em bovinos e ovinos. Esta é a enzima de escolha para avaliar a função hepática dos ruminantes. No presente trabalho o cDNA que codifica a enzima GDH do hepatócito de ovino foi sintetizado por meio de RT-PCR utilizando mRNA extraído do fígado de ovino. Parte da região de codificação do cDNA da GDH de ovino foi amplificada por PCR usando oligonucleotídeos iniciadores sintetizados a partir do alinhamento de sequências de ORFs de Ovis aries, Bos taurus, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus e Mus musculus disponíveis em banco de dados. O cDNA foi clonado no vetor pGEM®-T Easy (Promega) e inserido em células cálcio-competentes de Escherichia coli DH10B através de choque térmico. O DNA plasmidial foi purificado e após o sequenciamento a presença de um inserto de 1292 pb foi confirmado. O alinhamento da sequência deduzida de aminoácidos com outras espécies revelou alta homologia entre as GDH

Causes of fetal death in the Flemish cattle herd in Brazil

Background and Aim: Flemish cattle in Brazil are on the brink of extinction and are found only in one herd in Lages, Santa Catarina State. This study aimed to uncover the reasons for the recurring abortions in the Flemish cattle herd. Materials and Methods: Seventeen Flemish fetuses underwent postmortem examinations, with samples collected for histopathology and microbiology culture tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Neospora caninum, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from 2015 to 2020. Results: Of the 17 fetuses, N. caninum was the most common diagnosis and was found in 88% (15/17). One fetus (5.8%) had a coinfection with N. caninum and Citrobacter amalonaticus, leading to fibrinonecrotic pericarditis. All fetuses tested negative for BVDV by RT-PCR. Of the 107 dams tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, 26 (25.2%) were anti-N. caninum seropositive, with 17 (65.4%) aborting and 5 (19.2%) having estrus repetition. Reverse transcription-PCR results showed that 9 (8.4%) of the serum samples collected from dams tested positive, which tested follow-up test 3 months later, indicating a BVDV transient infection. The factors that contributed to neosporosis included dogs’ access to pastures and improper disposal of fetal remains, which made it easier for dogs to consume them. Conclusion: This study warns the occurrence of N. caninum as a cause of reproductive disorders that can lead to abortion in the studied Flemish cattle herd

Influencia de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en vacas lecheras

ABSTRACTObjective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subclinical infection by agents of tick fever in dairy cattle on milk parameters, such as production, composition, and quality. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in a private farm with 75 free-stall-housed dairy cows, from which 37 were evaluated. Monthly, individual milk samples were collected for compositional (fat, lactose, protein, and total solids) and quality (somatic cell counts (SCC)) analyses. In addition, blood samples were collected in order to identify cows that were tick fever-negative and positive by PCR for one or more of the following etiological agents: Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale. Results. The results showed increased SCC in positive animals for at least one of the agents when compared to non-infected cows (p<0.05). Milk production was significantly lower in A. marginale positive animals (p<0.05). An increase of about 40% in milk solids content was found in B. bovis positive cows. Also, an increment of approximately 23% in lactose was found on cows positives for B. bigemina. Conclusions. We may conclude that the presence of at least one of these parasites in dairy cattle affects composition or quality of their milk.RESUMENObjetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la infección subclínica por agentes de la fiebre por garrapatas en el ganado lechero en producción de leche, la composición y calidad. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en una finca privada con 75 vacas lecheras alojadas-libre puesto, y de estas se evaluaron 37. Se recogieron muestras de leche individuales mensuales para determinar la composición (grasa, lactosa, proteína y sólidos totales) y la calidad (recuento de células somáticas (SCC)). Además, se recogieron muestras de sangre para identificar vacas que fueron negativas a fiebre de garrapatas y positivos por PCR para uno o más de los siguientes agentes etiológicos: Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina y Anaplasma marginale. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron un aumento de SCC en los animales positivos, al menos para uno de los agentes cuando se comparó con vacas no infectadas (p<0.05). La producción de leche fue significativamente menor en A. marginale animales positivos (p<0.05). Un aumento de aproximadamente el 40% en el contenido de sólidos de la leche fue encontrado en vacas positivas a B. bovis. También, un incremento de aproximadamente el 23% de la lactosa se encontró en vacas positivas para B. bigemina. Conclusiones. Se puede concluir que la presencia de al menos uno de estos parásitos en el ganado lechero afecta composición o calidad de su leche

β-D-galactofuranosidase: Purification of the Penicillium fellutanum enzyme and its detection in Trypanosoma cruzi

A β-D-galactofuranose é um componente de várias macromoléculas de muitos organismos, incluindo bactérias, protozoários e fungos. Interessantemente este carboidrato não usual está ausente de glicoconjugados de mamíferos. Um método alternativo foi utilizado para purificar a β-D-galactofuranosidase utilizando p-nitrofenil-β-D-galactofuranosideo como substrato. O meio de cultura concentrado do fungo Penicillium fellutanum foi cromatografado em coluna de DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B, seguido de cromatografia em coluna de afinidade de 4-aminofenil-1-tio-β-D-galactofuranosideo-Sepharose, que permitiu a separação de dois picos com atividade enzimática após a eluição com D-galactônico-γ-lactona em um gradiente de 100 a 500 mM de NaCl. Os dois picos resultaram, quando analisados por SDS-PAGE, em um polipeptídeo de 70 kDa. Anticorpos produzidos contra a mistura das bandas recortadas do gel são capazes de imunoprecipitar 77 % das unidades totais de enzima. Uma das bandas recortadas foi submetida a microseqüenciamento, obtendo-se seqüências para 3 peptídeos (65, 73, 101). Anticorpos foram produzidos contra os peptídeos sintéticos e usados para imunoprecipitar um polipeptídeo com atividade de β-D-galactofuranosidase. Para verificar a presença de β-D-galactofuranosidase em T. cruzi, usamos a mesma coluna de afinidade de 4-aminofenil-1-tio-β-D-galactofuranosideo-Sepharose. Um extrato de formas epimastigotas marcadas metabolicamente com 35S-metionina foi aplicado na coluna de afinidade. A enzima foi eluída após a lavagem com D-galactônico-γ-lactona em um gradiente de NaCl 100 a 500 mM. A análise por SDS-PAGE do material eluido mostrou um polipeptídeo de massa molecular aparente 50-60 kDa que é reconhecido por anticorpos anti-β-D-galactofuranosidase. Os anticorpos reagem por imunoflorescência indireta também com parasitas fixados com paraformaldeído. O polipeptídio de 50-60 kDa foi empregado em ensaios de atividade enzimática. Praticamente nenhuma atividade foi detectada utilizando-se p-nitrofenil-β-D-galactofuranosideo como substrato. A LPPG (lipopeptideofosfoglicana), um glicoconjugado isolado de epimastigotas de T. cruzi foi empregada como substrato. A galactopiranose, produto da hidrólise da atividade enzimática, foi detectada por cromatografia de troca iônica em alto pH sugerindo a presença de β-D-galactofuranosidase em T.cruzi.β-D-galactofuranose is a component of several galactofuranose containing macromolecules of many organisms, including bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Interestingly, this unusual sugar is absent in mammalian glycoconjugates. An alternative and fast method for the purification of β-D-galactofuranosidase was developed using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactofuranoside as substrate. A concentrated culture medium from Penicillium fellutanum was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B followed by an affinity chromatography column of 4-aminophenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactofuranoside-Sepharose which yielded two separate peaks of enzyme activity when elution was performed with 10mM D-galactonic acid-γ-lactone in a 100-500 mM NaCl gradient. Both peaks rendered a single 70 kDa protein as detected by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies elicited against a mixture of the single bands excised from the gel were capable to immunoprecipitate 77 % units out of total units of the enzyme from the crude extract. One of the excised bands was submited to microsequencing and the sequence for 3 peptides (65, 73, 101) was obtained. Antibodies were raised against the corresponding synthetic peptides and used to immunoprecipitade a polypeptide with β-D-galactofuranosidase activity. To verify the presence of β-D-galactofuranosidase in T. cruzi we used the same 4-aminophenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactofuranoside-Sepharose affinity column. An extract of epimastigotes metabolically labelled with 35S-methionine was applied on the affinity colunm. After washing, the putative enzyme was eluted by 10 mM D-galactonic acidy-γ-lactone and 100-500 mM NaCl gradient. SDS-PAGE analysis of the eluted material show a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 50-60 kDa that is recognized by all the antibodies raised against β-D-galactofuranosidase from P. fellutanum. Also the antibodies react with p-formaldehyde fixed parasites as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The 50-60 kDa polypeptide was then employed in enzymatic assays. Almost no enzymatic activity was observed when p-nitrophenyl galactofuranoside was employed as substrate. LPPG (lipopeptidophosphoglycan), a galactofuranose-con taining glycoconjugate isolated from epimastigotes of T. cruzi was then employed as substrate. Galactopyranose, the product of the enzymatic activity, was detected by high pH anion-exchange chromatography, suggesting the presence of β-D-galactofuranosidase in T. cruzi