11 research outputs found
Hydrolysis of xylans by enzyme systems from solid cultures of Trichoderma harzianum strains
Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: from HPV to HTLV - clinical profile and associated factors
CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and Neopterin as Candidate Prognostic Biomarkers for HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
Methods to estimate breeding values in honey bees
Background Efficient methodologies based on animal models are widely used to estimate breeding values in farm animals. These methods are not applicable in honey bees because of their mode of reproduction. Observations are recorded on colonies, which consist of a single queen and thousands of workers that descended from the queen mated to 10 to 20 drones. Drones are haploid and sperms are copies of a drone’s genotype. As a consequence, Mendelian sampling terms of full-sibs are correlated, such that the covariance matrix of Mendelian sampling terms is not diagonal. Results In this paper, we show how the numerator relationship matrix and its inverse can be obtained for honey bee populations. We present algorithms to derive the covariance matrix of Mendelian sampling terms that accounts for correlated terms. The resulting matrix is a block-diagonal matrix, with a small block for each full-sib family, and is easy to invert numerically. The method allows incorporating the within-colony distribution of progeny from drone-producing queens and drones, such that estimates of breeding values weigh information from relatives appropriately. Simulation shows that the resulting estimated breeding values are unbiased predictors of true breeding values. Benefits for response to selection, compared to an existing approximate method, appear to be limited (~5%). Benefits may however be greater when estimating genetic parameters. Conclusions This work shows how the relationship matrix and its inverse can be developed for honey bee populations, and used to estimate breeding values and variance components
Concordance between Phylogeographical and Biogeographical Patterns in the Brazilian Cerrado: Diversification of the Endemic Tree Dalbergia miscolobium (Fabaceae)
Lesões dermatolĂłgicas em pacientes infectados pelo vĂrus linfotrĂłpico humano de cĂ©lulas T do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) Dermatologic lesions in patients infected with the human T-cell lymphotropic vĂrus type 1 (HTLV-1)
O vĂrus linfotrĂłpico humano de cĂ©lulas T do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) Ă© o primeiro retrovĂrus isolado do ser humano. Descreveu-se, em pouco tempo, o seu papel etiolĂłgico em algumas doenças, com destaque para a leucemia/linfoma de cĂ©lulas T do adulto (ATLL), a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) e a uveĂte associada ao HTLV-1 (HAU). Na dĂ©cada de 90, o HTLV-1 foi associado a eczema grave da infância, conhecido como dermatite infecciosa (DI). Desde entĂŁo, diversos outros tipos de lesões cutâneas tĂŞm sido observados em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1, em especial, nos doentes de HAM/TSP ou de ATLL. PorĂ©m, mesmo portadores assintomáticos do vĂrus apresentam doenças dermatolĂłgicas. Excetuando-se a dermatite infecciosa, nĂŁo há lesĂŁo da pele especĂfica da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Aqui, os autores apresentam as principais lesões dermatolĂłgicas descritas em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1, destacando o valor epidemiolĂłgico e clĂnico desses achados.<br>Human T-cell Lymphotropic vĂrus type I (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovĂrus described. Some time after its discovery a group of diseases were related to this vĂrus, such as, adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and HTLV-1 associated uveitis (HAU). In the nineties, HTLV-1 was associated to a severe eczema of children, called infective dermatitis (ID). Since then, several other skin manifestations have been observed in HTLV-1-infected individuals, particularly in patients with ATLL or HAM/TSP. However, according to some reports, dermatologic lesions are also common in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers. Besides ID, all other skin lesions reported are nonspecific. The aim of this review is to outline the dermatologic manifestations reported in HTLV-1 infected patients, emphasizing the clinical and epidemiological value of these findings