La estigmatización de la oposición política en el ejercicio democrático en la historia colombiana 1945 – 2016

There is a historical sweep that rescues from 1945 until today one of the main characteristics of the political life of Colombia: The stigmatization of the so-called political opposition. It is to give an account of the social, political and military persecution of those who, individually or collectively, represented a different option from those governments with an authoritarian tinge that have been tainting the Republic of pluralistic and democratic values, that in one way or another, our letters Policies have shaped the role.   But it is also intended to point out and highlight that some of the problems that the opposition has been suffering are undoubtedly due to the absence of legal guarantees (conceived in their broadest sense) and policies for the exercise and expression of their ideas And social, economic and political projects.   The way out of the problem must begin with the existence of an Opposition Statute that has historically been denied to Colombia, and has been seen as collapsing in the form of legislative projects in laziness, ignorance and lack of political will on our part Congress. The reference used to guide the reflection presented is none other than the Liberal leader assassinated under the stigma of the opposition: Jorge Eliecer Gaitán.  Se presenta un barrido histórico que rescata desde 1945 hasta nuestros días una de las principales características del la vida política de Colombia: La estigmatización de la llamada oposición política. Es dar cuenta de la persecución social, política y militar de quienes, individual o colectivamente, representaban una opción diferente a los gobiernos de tinte autoritario que han venido matizando a la República de valores pluralistas y democráticos, que de una u otra forma, nuestras cartas políticas han plasmado en el papel.   Pero se pretende de igual manera puntualizar y resaltar que parte de los problemas que la oposición ha venido padeciendo se deben, sin dudas, a la inexistencia de garantías legales (concebidas en su más amplio sentido) y políticas para el ejercicio y expresión de su ideas y proyectos sociales, económicos y políticos.   La salida al problema tiene que empezar por la existencia de un Estatuto de la Oposición que históricamente se ha le ha negado a Colombia, y se le ha visto hundirse bajo la forma de proyectos legislativos en la pereza, ignorancia y falta de voluntad política del nuestro Congreso. El referente utilizado que guía la reflexión presentada no es otro que el caudillo liberal asesinado bajo el estigma señalado de la oposición: Jorge Eliecer Gaitán

Restitución de tierras, paso clave para el posconflicto : estudio de fallos.

This article will analyze, basing on the case law, the land restitution problem in the post-conflict stage. One of the factors generating conflict in Colombia is the concentration of power, concretized in the exercise of political power, but also in the issue of wealth, which necessarily passes through the concentration of the land. In this scenario the restitution of land has to be necessarily seen as a part of a global issue as far as the reparation of those unjustly dispossessed of their places of birth and life development is concerned. In this article, the descriptive analytical method is used. Finally, it concludes that the land restitution law (Law No. 1448 of June 10, 2011) constitutes a restorative and reclamation tool for this historical problemof Colombia.En este artículo se analizará, con base en fallo, el problema de la restitución de tierras en la etapa de postconflicto. Uno de los factores generadores de conflicto en Colombia es la concentración de poder; concentración que se concreta en el ejercicio del poder político, pero también en la riqueza, que pasa necesariamente por la concentración de la tierra. En este escenario la restitución de tierras necesariamente tiene que ser vista como una parte de un todo integral en la reparación de los despojados injustamente de sus lugares de nacimiento y desarrollo vital. En desarrollo de este artículo, se hace uso del método analíticodescriptivo. Finalmente, se corrobora que la ley de restitución de tierras (Ley 1448 del 10 de junio de 2011) se constituye en una herramienta reparadora y reivindicadora para este problema histórico de Colombia

Importance of Heat Transfer Phenomena in Small Turbochargers for Passenger Car Applications

[EN] Nowadays turbocharging the internal combustion engine has become a key point in the reduction on pollutant emissions and the improvement on engine performance. The matching between the turbocharger and the engine is vital due to the highly unsteady flow the turbocharger works with. In the present paper the importance of the heat transfer phenomena inside small automotive turbochargers will be analyzed. This phenomenon will be studied from the point of view of both the turbine and the compressor in one-dimensional modelling. The goodness of the model will be demonstrated predicting turbine and compressor outlet temperatures. An accurate prediction of these parameters will be key designing the intercooler and the after treatment devices. A series of tests in a gas stand with steady and pulsating hot flow in the turbine side will be modeled to show the good agreement in turbocharger enthalpies prediction.This paper is partially supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València PAID-06-11 2034.Serrano Cruz, JR.; Olmeda González, PC.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Reyes Belmonte, MA.; Lefebvre, A. (2013). Importance of Heat Transfer Phenomena in Small Turbochargers for Passenger Car Applications. SAE International Journal of Engines. 6(2):1-13. doi:10.4271/2013-01-0576S1136

Sistema de información web para control y seguimiento de egresados de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería – Recinto Universitario Augusto Cesar Sandino

El presente trabajo tiene como fin aportar al desarrollo y mejoramiento de la UNI–RUACS en el área de seguimiento a egresados. El cual consiste en desarrollar un sistema de información web que establezca contacto con los egresados y permita compartir información entre ellos y la universidad y que a su vez permita tener un registro de estos y sus actividade

The genesis of an extremely acidic perched aquifer within roasted pyrite waste in a fully urbanized area (Zaragoza, Spain)

Contaminated groundwater is a serious problem in developed countries. The abandonment of industrial waste may lead to acid drainage affecting groundwater and severely impacting the environment and urban infrastructure. We examined the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of an urban area in Almozara (Zaragoza, Spain); built over an old industrial zone, with pyrite roasting waste deposits, there were acid drainage problems in underground car parks. Drilling and piezometer construction, and groundwater samples revealed the existence of a perched aquifer within old sulfide mill tailings, where the building basements interrupted groundwater flow, leading to a water stagnation zone that reached extreme acidity values (pH < 2). A groundwater flow reactive transport model was developed using PHAST to reproduce flow and groundwater chemistry, in order to be used as a predictive tool for guiding remediation actions. The model reproduced the measured groundwater chemistry by simulating the kinetically controlled pyrite and portlandite dissolution. The model predicts that an extreme acidity front (pH < 2), coincident with the Fe (III) pyrite oxidation mechanism taking dominance, is propagating by 30 m/year if constant flow is assumed. The incomplete dissolution of residual pyrite (up to 18 % dissolved) predicted by the model indicates that the acid drainage is limited by the flow regime rather than sulfide availability. The installation of additional water collectors between the recharge source and the stagnation zone has been proposed, together with periodic pumping of the stagnation zone. The study findings are expected to serve as a useful background for the assessment of acid drainage in urban areas, since urbanization of old industrial land is rapidly increasing worldwide

Bionomía de las especies de Phyllophaga (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) en Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México

Se presentan los resultados de las colectas con trampas de luz fluorescente y colectas manuales directas de especies de Phyllophaga, efectuadas entre abril 2009 y julio 2010 en dos sitios de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, ubicados a 1550 msnm. Se capturaron representantes de 13 especies: Phyllophaga lenis (Horn), P. macrocera (Bates), P. nubipennis (Bates), P. parvisetis (Bates), P. cinnamomea (Blanchard), P. ravida (Blanchard), P. misteca (Bates), P. vetula (Horn), P. obsoleta (Blanchard), P. scabripyga (Bates), P. chiapensis (Chapin), P. porodera (Bates) y P. integriceps (Moser). El grupo de especies con mayor número de representantes fue anodentata con cinco especies. La especie más abundante fue P. lenis, con 3,107 de los 3,251 ejemplares capturados durante los dos años. Se incluye una clave para identificar los machos de las 13 especies, así como fotografías de las estructuras diagnósticas para cada especieSe presentan los resultados de las colectas con trampas de luz fluorescente y colectas manuales directas de especies de Phyllophaga, efectuadas entre abril 2009 y julio 2010 en dos sitios de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, ubicados a 1550 msnm. Se capturaron representantes de 13 especies: Phyllophaga lenis (Horn), P. macrocera (Bates), P. nubipennis (Bates), P. parvisetis (Bates), P. cinnamomea (Blanchard), P. ravida (Blanchard), P. misteca (Bates), P. vetula (Horn), P. obsoleta (Blanchard), P. scabripyga (Bates), P. chiapensis (Chapin), P. porodera (Bates) y P. integriceps (Moser). El grupo de especies con mayor número de representantes fue anodentata con cinco especies. La especie más abundante fue P. lenis, con 3,107 de los 3,251 ejemplares capturados durante los dos años. Se incluye una clave para identificar los machos de las 13 especies, así como fotografías de las estructuras diagnósticas para cada especi

El tabaco como factor de riesgo en los tejidos periodontales.

El tabaco es el factor más importante en la etiología de la enfermedad periodontal después de la placa bacteriana; pero a pesar de toda la información que se conoce hoy en día, no se ha logrado concientizar a las personas consumidoras de éste

Occurrence of the Common Barn-Owl (Tyto alba) in the South Atlantic Ocean

Se presenta un registro de la Lechuza de Campanario (Tyto alba) en el Golfo San Jorge (Mar Argentino). A pesar de estar ampliamente distribuida en Argentina, no hay evidencias previas de la presencia de esta especie en alta mar, así como tampoco de ninguna otra ave rapaz. Se discuten las posibles razones de su arribo al mar y sus consecuencias.Here we report the occurrence of the Common Barn-Owl (Tyto alba) in San Jorge Gulf, Argentine Sea. Although this species is widely distributed over Argentina, there is no evidence for its presence at sea. We discuss the possible causes of its presence there and their consequences

Effects of the 2021 La Palma volcanic eruption on groundwater resources (part I): Hydraulic impacts

The 2021 volcanic eruption in the Cumbre Vieja mountain range on La Palma Island (Canary Islands, Spain) raised concerns regarding the potential impact on groundwater resources. This study is the first part of a series of papers investigating those impacts, and focuses on the hydraulic impacts of the eruption, while subsequent papers will explore the geochemical consequences. Three boreholes equipped with sensors to measure hydraulic head, temperature, and electrical conductivity of groundwater were installed near the volcano. Monitoring started during the eruption and continued a year after it. Statistical analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the measured variables and real-time seismic-amplitude measurements (RSAM). In addition, the possibility of groundwater vaporization due to magma emergence was assessed with a groundwater flow numerical modelling of the island. Correlation coefficients were computed to assess the linear relationship between groundwater parameters and seismic signals, observing a statistically significant association, and suggesting near-instantaneous variations in parameters such as groundwater levels and EC. Different response patterns of groundwater levels were observed in recharging areas in highlands compared to discharge areas, showing an opposite correlation direction. Deduction of natural trends from the linear regression models of head and RSAM two months after the eruption revealed a more predictable impact on the groundwater system, as the hydrogeological system adjusts to the volcanic activity and its effects on the aquifer. The hydrogeological simulation of the "magma pumping effect" suggested that groundwater extraction was possible, but the absence of an appropriate groundwater monitoring network made it impossible to determine the amount of water extracted from the aquifer. The uncertainty analysis showed values up to 2000 m3·day−1. These findings have important implications for understanding the negative impacts of volcanic eruptions on groundwater resources, highlighting the need for regular monitoring and assessment by hydrogeologists and water management professionals