L’« enquête artistique » : les méthodes de représentation artistique du monde du travail en question

Cet article fait retour sur une communication prononcée dans l’atelier intitulé L’artiste au travail lors du colloque Images du travail, Travail des images (Poitiers, le 13 février 2013). Il s’agissait de discuter – entre autres – des méthodes de représentation artistique des mondes du travail en interrogeant plus particulièrement la position de l’artiste en rapport avec ses modèles, les travailleurs. Comment l’artiste accède-t-il à son terrain, à son décor ? Est-il lui-même salarié de l’entreprise ou est-il en visite dans l’entreprise ? Et s’il est un artiste invité dans l’entreprise, comment négociera-t-il sa mise en scène avec les travailleurs ? Dans quel contexte et pour quel public exposera-t-il ces représentations ? Et pour quel profit (intellectuel, professionnel, financier, etc.) ? Autant de questions qui n’apparaissent le plus souvent qu’hors champs de la représentation mais qui, lorsqu’on s’y intéresse, n’en constituent pas moins des indices sur les conditions de production et de monstration des images du travail, sur les rapports contractuels que les artistes entretiennent avec les travailleurs, sur les déséquilibres subjectifs – produit de la division du travail entre représentants et représentés – qui persistent entre les artistes et les travailleurs… À l’aide d’un corpus artistique que nous pouvons d’ores et déjà placer sous la catégorie esthétique de l’art documentaire, nous chercherons à remonter le fil méthodologique de ces représentations mises en place par l’artiste. Il s’agira donc de savoir comment l’artiste-invité, qui cherche à pallier à l’invisibilité des travailleurs, peut-il rétablir méthodologiquement ces déséquilibres subjectifs entre l’auteur et son modèle, mais aussi quel autre point de vue le salarié-artiste peut-il proposer de l’intérieur même des mondes du travail qu’il habite.This article is the result of a presentation made in the workshop “The artist at work”, in the colloquium Images of work, Work of Images (Poitiers, February 13, 2013). The purpose is to discuss the methods of artistic representation of the working worlds and to interrogate the position of the artist in relation with his models, the workers. How does the artist get into his field, his setting? Is he an employee or a visitor? If he’s been invited to the enterprise, how will he negotiate the mise-en-scene with the workers? In what context and for what type of public will he show his final work? What would be the benefit (intellectual, professional, financial, etc.)?We want to focus on questions that arise both inside and outside the field of artistic representation. Among them, the terms of production and display of the images, the contractual relationship that the artists have with the workers, the “imbalance subjective” (product of the division of labor between the representatives and the represented) that persist between the artists and the workers, etc. We will follow methodologies used by artists who work in the aesthetic category of documentary art. The aim is to know how the invited-artist diminishes the invisibility of the workers, but also how he can restore the “imbalance subjective” between the author and his model, and what other perspective the employee-artist can propose from the world of work that he live in

The effect of acute heat exposure on exercise capacity and recovery during a high-intensity interval test

Introduction: Exercise is often impaired in the heat. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent acute heat exposure would have detrimental effects on exercise capacity and recovery during high-intensity interval exercise to exhaustion and how core and skin temperature are related. Methods: Twelve physically active women (26.4 ± 3.6 year; 40.9 ± 5.1 ml.min-1.kg-1) volunteered to take part in this study. An interval exercise test was performed in both 18 and 36°C, in which the participants had to cycle three times to exhaustion. The power output of the work bouts (WB) to exhaustion was determined equal to the individual theoretical time to exhaustion in 4 min, based on the critical power concept. The active recovery in between consisted of the power output at 90% of individual gas exchange threshold. Results: Time to exhaustion of WB1, WB2 and WB3 differed (p ≤ 0.005) between 18 and 36°C, respectively 226 ± 32 vs. 190 ± 27 s; 166 ± 26 vs. 120 ± 19 s and 138 ± 26 vs. 92 ± 18 s. Percentual recovery before WB2 (74 ± 12 vs. 64 ± 10 %) and WB3 (62 ± 12 vs. 49 ± 11 %) was also lower (p = 0.001) in 36°C compared to 18°C. Core temperature was only significantly higher in 36°C after WB3 and then onwards, reaching a peak of 39.13 ± 0.38 vs. 38.58 ± 0.31 °C. Meanwhile, skin temperature was at all levels higher in the heat compared to moderate conditions; 35.54 ± 0.13 vs. 27.66 ± 0.19 °C. Conclusion: Exercise capacity and recovery during interval exercise were diminished with acute heat exposure. The rise in core temperature per se is not the main factor eliciting the negative effect. More likely, skin temperature and the temperature gradient, together with other physiological parameters, play an important role

Les ouvriers et la photographie : de 1945 à nos jours

La photographie n’a jamais eu le monopole de la représentation du monde ouvrier. Peintres, dessinateurs, caricaturistes ou propagandistes, entre autres, ont largement contribué à en produire des images, dès avant l’invention de la photographie et par la suite. Mais sans doute faut-il considérer que la photographie a pu se prévaloir de deux avantages décisifs dans la concurrence qui a pu l’opposer aux autres modes de représentation : sa capacité à enregistrer le réel qui se présente devant son objectif et donc à le documenter avec une exactitude plus grande que le peintre, par exemple, et la possibilité dont elle s’est dotée très rapidement de reproduire ses images à l’infini, sur les supports les plus divers, pages de livres ou de revues notamment, ou encore cartes postales. Une photographie porte toujours la trace de quelque chose qui a été – cf. le « ça a été » de Roland Barthes (1980) –, elle peut, de ce fait, porter témoignage de la portion de réel qu’elle restitue et son témoignage a pu très tôt être diffusé largement, dans un souci d’intervention ou, plus modestement, d’alerte, selon les intentions du photographe. Si la photographie s’est ainsi proposée d’emblée comme moyen d’agir sur le monde (Benjamin, 1935/2002), elle est aussi apparue à un moment historique qui invitait à rendre compte des profondes évolutions en cours. Le développement industriel est largement amorcé lorsque L. Daguerre ou W.H. Fox Talbot réalisent leurs premières images. Mais il ne s’agit pas là d’une simple concomitance. L’invention de la photographie ne cristallise pas seulement les progrès de la chimie moderne et ne substitue pas seulement un dispositif technique, à la fois chimique et mécanique, à la main du peintre ; il y a aussi que son développement s’est calé sur la production en série de marchandises standardisées, caractéristique de la transformation alors en cours du mode de production capitaliste (Rouillé, 2005). Les conditions dans lesquelles celle-ci se réalisait ont très vite attiré l’attention des observateurs les plus divers, des philanthropes aux théoriciens du mouvement social en passant par les médecins ou les sociologues. Si l’enquête utilisait encore avant tout les procédés de l’observation ou du questionnaire, les photographes n’ont pas tardé à fournir des images, quelquefois prises dans les lieux mêmes de production, plus fréquemment à leur périphérie

Effects of Dietary Fiber on the Feline Gastrointestinal Metagenome

Four healthy adult cats were used in a crossover design to determine phylogeny and metabolic functional capacity of the cat’s gastrointestinal microbiota using a metagenomic approach. Healthy adult cats (1.7 years old) were fed diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), or pectin for 30 d, at which time fresh fecal samples were collected. Fecal DNA samples from each cat consuming each diet were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. Dominant phyla determined using two independent databases (MG-RAST and IMG/M) included Firmicutes (mean = 36.3 and 49.8%, respectively), Bacteroidetes (mean = 36.1 and 24.1%, respectively), and Proteobacteria (mean = 12.4 and 11.1%, respectively). Primary functional categories as determined by KEGG were associated with carbohydrates, clustering-based subsystems, protein metabolism, and amino acids and derivatives. Primary functional categories as determined by COG were associated with amino acid metabolism and transport, general function prediction only, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes revealed modifications in several glycoside hydrolases, glycosyl transferases, and carbohydrate-binding molecules with FOS and pectin consumption. While the cat is an obligate carnivore, its gut microbiome is similar regarding microbial phylogeny and gene content to omnivores

Phylogenetic and gene-centric metagenomics of the canine intestinal microbiome reveals similarities with humans and mice

This study is the first to use a metagenomics approach to characterize the phylogeny and functional capacity of the canine gastrointestinal microbiome. Six healthy adult dogs were used in a crossover design and fed a low-fiber control diet (K9C) or one containing 7.5% beet pulp (K9BP). Pooled fecal DNA samples from each treatment were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing, generating 503 280 (K9C) and 505 061 (K9BP) sequences. Dominant bacterial phyla included the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group and Firmicutes, both of which comprised ∼35% of all sequences, followed by Proteobacteria (13–15%) and Fusobacteria (7–8%). K9C had a greater percentage of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, whereas K9BP had greater proportions of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group and Firmicutes. Archaea were not altered by diet and represented ∼1% of all sequences. All archaea were members of Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, with methanogens being the most abundant and diverse. Three fungi phylotypes were present in K9C, but none in K9BP. Less than 0.4% of sequences were of viral origin, with >99% of them associated with bacteriophages. Primary functional categories were not significantly affected by diet and were associated with carbohydrates; protein metabolism; DNA metabolism; cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups and pigments; amino acids and derivatives; cell wall and capsule; and virulence. Hierarchical clustering of several gastrointestinal metagenomes demonstrated phylogenetic and metabolic similarity between dogs, humans and mice. More research is required to provide deeper coverage of the canine microbiome, evaluate effects of age, genetics or environment on its composition and activity, and identify its role in gastrointestinal disease

Prebiotic effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) with emphasis on the modulation of the gut microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing

The potential of a novel class of prebiotics, arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS), was investigated on growth performance and gut microbiota of juvenile Acipenser baerii. Two independent feeding trials of 10 or 12 weeks were performed with basal diets supplemented with 2% or 4% AXOS-32-0.30 (trial 1) and 2% AXOS-32-0.30 or AXOS-3-0.25 (trial 2), respectively. Growth performance was improved by feeding 2% AXOS-32-0.30 in both trials, although not significantly. Microbial community profiles were determined using 454-pyrosequencing with barcoded primers targeting the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. AXOS significantly affected the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum, family, genus and species level. The consumption of 2% AXOS-32-0.30 increased the relative abundance of Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Streptococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae, while the abundance of Bacillaceae was greater in response to 4% AXOS-32-0.30 and 2% AXOS-3-0.25. The abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus lactis was greater after 2% AXOS-32-0.30 intake. Redundancy analysis showed a distinct and significant clustering of the gut microbiota of individuals consuming an AXOS diet. In both trials, concentration of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased in fish fed 2% AXOS-32-0.30. Our data demonstrate a shift in the hindgut microbiome of fish consuming different preparation of AXOS, with potential application as prebiotics