248 research outputs found

    Le smart growth et le nouvel urbanisme : SynthÚse de la littérature récente et regard sur la situation canadienne

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    BasĂ©e sur une revue de la littĂ©rature rĂ©cente sur les sujets du smart growth et du nouvel urbanisme, l’étude vise d’abord Ă  donner une nouvelle apprĂ©ciation de ces deux mouvements et Ă  prĂ©ciser les conditions gĂ©nĂ©rales de leur mise en oeuvre. L’article vise ensuite Ă  dĂ©gager un portrait gĂ©nĂ©ral de la progression de ces deux mouvements et, plus largement, du paradigme du dĂ©veloppement urbain durable au Canada. Si l’adhĂ©sion massive aux principes urbanistiques de ce paradigme est positive, l’auteur rappelle qu’il faut ĂȘtre prudent, car plusieurs conditions sont nĂ©cessaires pour que se concrĂ©tisent les diverses initiatives publiques dans ce domaine. À cet Ă©gard, seul le temps et des outils adĂ©quats de suivi permettront de juger rĂ©ellement du succĂšs de ces initiatives.Based on a review of the recent literature on the topics of Smart Growth and New Urbanism, this paper provides a synthesis and theoretical commentary on these complex movements and the conditions required for their implementation. The paper also aims at giving an overview of the progress of these two movements and, more generally, of the urban sustainability paradigm in Canada. While progress appears promising, the author points out that numerous conditions must still be met before the public initiatives in this field can be implemented. A long term perspective and adequate evaluation tools will eventually permit judgement as to the success or the failure of these initiatives

    Microarray study reveals that HIV-1 induces rapid type-I interferon-dependent p53 mRNA up-regulation in human primary CD4+ T cells

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Infection with HIV-1 has been shown to alter expression of a large array of host cell genes. However, previous studies aimed at investigating the putative HIV-1-induced modulation of host gene expression have been mostly performed in established human cell lines. To better approximate natural conditions, we monitored gene expression changes in a cell population highly enriched in human primary CD4<sup>+ </sup>T lymphocytes exposed to HIV-1 using commercial oligonucleotide microarrays from Affymetrix.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report here that HIV-1 influences expression of genes related to many important biological processes such as DNA repair, cellular cycle, RNA metabolism and apoptosis. Notably, expression of the p53 tumor suppressor and genes involved in p53 homeostasis such as GADD34 were up-regulated by HIV-1 at the mRNA level. This observation is distinct from the previously reported p53 phosphorylation and stabilization at the protein level, which precedes HIV-1-induced apoptosis. We present evidence that the HIV-1-mediated increase in p53 gene expression is associated with virus-mediated induction of type-I interferon (i.e. IFN-α and IFN-ÎČ).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These observations have important implications for our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, particularly in respect to the virus-induced depletion of CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cells.</p

    Évaluation de l’intĂ©gration "forme urbaine – transports durables" dans les trois grandes rĂ©gions mĂ©tropolitaines canadiennes : nouvelle approche exploratoire

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    La planification intĂ©grĂ©e du dĂ©veloppement urbain et des transports durables est aujourd’hui cruciale au double impĂ©ratif d’une plus grande maĂźtrise des dĂ©placements automobiles et d’une diminution de la « dĂ©pendance automobile », Ă©lĂ©ments essentiels au dĂ©veloppement durable des grandes mĂ©tropoles. La prĂ©sente recherche visait l‘approfondissement des connaissances sur lâ€˜Ă©volution rĂ©cente de la forme urbaine dans les trois rĂ©gions mĂ©tropolitaines canadiennes de Toronto, MontrĂ©al et Vancouver, sous l’angle particulier de l’intĂ©gration « forme urbaine – transports durables ». Notre stratĂ©gie de recherche a consistĂ© en l’élaboration d’un cadre d‘analyse qui devait permettre une opĂ©rationnalisation complĂšte du paradigme d‘amĂ©nagement Ă  lâ€˜Ă©tude ainsi qu’une Ă©valuation de sa mise en Ɠuvre. Ce cadre tire parti des opportunitĂ©s analytiques qu‘offrent les systĂšmes d‘information gĂ©ographique (SIG) ainsi que certains outils Internet courants de « visite virtuelle des lieux » tel que Google Earth. Il en est rĂ©sultĂ© une approche mĂ©thodologique originale, multidimensionnelle et multi-Ă©chelle. Son application a permis des analyses particuliĂšres de la forme urbaine pour chacune des trois rĂ©gions cibles, structurĂ©es selon trois axes principaux : leur performance globale (autour de 2006), leur performance en pĂ©riphĂ©rie mĂ©tropolitaine ainsi que l’évolution de leur performance entre 2001 et 2006. De nos analyses comparatives, Vancouver se dĂ©marque avec des performances supĂ©rieures pour les trois axes, tout particuliĂšrement pour lâ€˜Ă©volution de ses performances. MontrĂ©al arrive quant Ă  elle troisiĂšme, en raison notamment de sa faible performance en pĂ©riphĂ©rie. Globalement, les trois rĂ©gions mĂ©tropolitaines affichent de faibles niveaux d’intĂ©gration entre la forme urbaine et les rĂ©seaux de transport durable et souffrent d’une grande dĂ©pendance automobile structurelle, particuliĂšrement en leur pĂ©riphĂ©rie. Par ailleurs, en dĂ©pit d’objectifs de planification adĂ©quats, les dĂ©ficiences de leur forme urbaine et leurs progrĂšs relativement modestes laissent prĂ©sager une prĂ©dominance de la dĂ©pendance automobile qui perdurera au cours des prochaines annĂ©es. Il nous apparaĂźt primordial que tous les acteurs du domaine public fassent preuve d‘une plus grande « luciditĂ© », voire maturitĂ©, face aux lourds constats exposant la difficile mise en Ɠuvre de leurs objectifs ainsi que la dichotomie entre ce qui « se passe sur le terrain » et le contenu de leurs politiques. Une premiĂšre Ă©tape obligĂ©e vers un raffinement des politiques et, peut-ĂȘtre, vers leur plus grande efficacitĂ© passe sans doute par la pleine reconnaissance des limites du paradigme d’amĂ©nagement actuel et de l‘immense dĂ©fi que reprĂ©sente un inversement des tendances. Cela implique notamment une plus grande transparence en matiĂšre dâ€˜Ă©valuation des politiques ainsi que des efforts communs pour le dĂ©veloppement et la diffusion de donnĂ©es de qualitĂ© dans les domaines connexes de la forme urbaine et des transports urbains, de meilleurs outils de monitoring, etc., qui pourraient aider Ă  instituer une nouvelle synergie entre tous les acteurs impliquĂ©s tant dans la recherche urbaine, le dĂ©veloppement urbain que les politiques d’amĂ©nagement et de transport. Le raffinement de notre propre approche mĂ©thodologique pourrait aussi bĂ©nĂ©ficier de telles avancĂ©es, approche qui constitue une des avenues possibles pour la poursuite de l‘exploration de l‘enjeu de l‘intĂ©gration « forme urbaine – transports durables » dans les rĂ©gions mĂ©tropolitaines canadiennes.An integrated planning approach to urban development and sustainable transportation is key to managing car travels and mitigating car dependency, which are two essential elements to the sustainable development of metropolitan areas. This research focuses on the recent evolution of urban form in the three Canadian metropolitan regions of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, through the lens of the planning paradigm of “urban form – sustainable transportation” integration. Our research strategy centered on the elaboration of an analytical framework that would enable the full measurement and assessment of the planning paradigm. This framework takes advantage of analytical capabilities offered by geographic information systems (GIS), as well as by common Internet tools of “virtual place exploration” such as Google Earth. The result was an original, multidimensional and multi-scale methodological approach. Its application enabled specific urban form analyses for each of the studied metropolitan regions, structured around three main perspectives: their overall performance (around 2006), performance of their metropolitan fringe, and the evolution of their performance between 2001 and 2006. Our comparative analyses revealed that Vancouver ranks first in all three perspectives, while Montreal ranks third overall, mainly because of a particularly weak performance of its periphery. Globally, the three regions show a poor integration between urban form and sustainable transportation networks and suffer from high levels of car dependency, especially at their periphery. Despite the presence of adequate planning objectives, their urban form deficiencies and relatively weak progresses leave us to anticipate that the predominance of car dependency is there to stay in the near future. It appears vital that public stakeholders show more “lucidity”, or “maturity”, in face of tough evidences that that reveal how hard the implementation of their policy objectives is, as well as the dichotomy between these same objectives and what can be actually observed “on the ground”. A mandatory step towards improved and, maybe, more effective planning policies is a full recognition of the limits of the actual planning paradigm and of the huge challenge that a shift in trends represents. This would imply a greater transparency in the policy evaluation area, along with coordinated efforts to support the development and dissemination of high-quality data on urban form and urban transportation, improved monitoring tools, etc. All this could induce a new synergy among all stakeholders involved either in urban research, urban development or urban planning and transportation policies. An improvement to our own methodological approach could also benefit from such advances, being of many potential avenues for the ongoing exploration of the issue in Canadian metropolises

    Comparative Effects on Plants of Caribou/Reindeer, Moose and White-tailed Deer Herbivory

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    We reviewed the literature reporting negative or positive effects on vegetation of herbivory by caribou/reindeer, moose, and white-tailed deer in light of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems (EEH), which predicts that most of the negative impacts will occur in areas where wolves were extirpated. We were able to list 197 plant taxa negatively affected by the three cervid species, as opposed to 24 that benefited from their herbivory. The plant taxa negatively affected by caribou/reindeer (19), moose (37), and white-tailed deer (141) comprised 5%, 9%, and 11% of vascular plants present in their respective ranges. Each cervid affected mostly species eaten during the growing season: lichens and woody species for caribou/reindeer, woody species and aquatics for moose, and herbs and woody species for white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer were the only deer reported to feed on threatened or endangered plants. Studies related to damage caused by caribou/reindeer were scarce and often concerned lichens. Most reports for moose and white-tailed deer came from areas where wolves were absent or rare. Among the three cervids, white-tailed deer might damage the most vegetation because of its smaller size and preference for herbs.À la lumiĂšre de l'hypothĂšse de l'exploitation des Ă©cosystĂšmes (EEH), nous avons examinĂ© les publications qui mentionnent les effets nĂ©gatifs ou positifs, sur la vĂ©gĂ©tation, du broutement du caribou/renne, de l'orignal et du cerf de Virginie. Cette hypothĂšse prĂ©dit que les impacts nĂ©gatifs se concentrent dans des endroits oĂč le loup a Ă©tĂ© Ă©liminĂ©. Nous avons pu Ă©numĂ©rer 197 taxons vĂ©gĂ©taux affectĂ©s nĂ©gativement par les trois cervidĂ©s, contre 24 qui profitaient du broutement. Le nombre de taxons vĂ©gĂ©taux affectĂ©s nĂ©gativement par le broutement du caribou/renne (19), de l'orignal (37) et du cerf de Virginie (141) reprĂ©sentait respectivement 5, 9 et 11 p. cent des plantes vasculaires situĂ©es dans les aires de rĂ©partition spĂ©cifiques des animaux. Chaque cervidĂ© affectait surtout les espĂšces consommĂ©es durant la saison de croissance vĂ©gĂ©tale: lichens et plantes ligneuses pour le caribou/renne, plantes ligneuses et aquatiques pour l'orignal, et plantes herbacĂ©es et ligneuses pour le cerf de Virginie. Selon les rapports, ce dernier Ă©tait le seul cerf qui broutait des plantes menacĂ©es ou en voie de disparition. Les Ă©tudes rapportant des dommages causĂ©s par le caribou/renne Ă©taient rares et traitaient souvent des lichens. La plupart des rapports sur l'orignal et le cerf de Virginie couvraient des zones oĂč le loup Ă©tait rare ou absent. Des trois cervidĂ©s, celui qui causerait le plus de dommages Ă  la vĂ©gĂ©tation est le cerf de Virginie, en raison de sa taille plus petite et de sa prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les plantes herbacĂ©es

    Induction of galectin-1 expression by HTLV-I Tax and its impact on HTLV-I infectivity

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    © 2008 Gauthier et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

    G Suite For Education: Collaboration-Based Pedagogy

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    Comprend des références bibliographiques

    Summer Diet of Two White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Populations Living at Low and High Density in Southern Québec

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    We investigated summer diets of two White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations through rumen content analyses. Samples from 93 deer were collected in a low density, LD (1 deer/km2) and a high density, HD (14 deer/km2) area of southern QuĂ©bec during the growing seasons of 1997 and 1998. Availability of preferred forage in forests was greater in LD than in HD, whereas agriculture covered a larger proportion of the area in HD than LD. Rumen composition differed between the two populations. Deer from HD consumed less forbs and leaves of shrubs and trees than did LD deer, whereas they consumed more fruits, grasses and farm crops. The rarity in HD rumens of food items common in LD, as well as in many parts of the White-tailed Deer range (i.e., Lilliacae), indicated that deer could not compensate for the rarity of preferred forest forage by increasing foraging time and had to feed on cultivated crops. Rumen contents of LD deer had a higher level of cell solubles and lignin, which reflected their greater reliance on quality forage growing in forests. Feeding habits and forage quality can explain why deer body size decreased in HD between the 1970s and 1990s whereas LD deer remained large.Nous avons examinĂ© le rĂ©gime alimentaire estival de deux populations de cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) par l’analyse du contenu des rumens. Des Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s sur 93 cerfs provenant d’un secteur Ă  faible densitĂ© de cerfs, LD, (1 cerf/km2) et d’un secteur Ă  haute densitĂ©, HD, (14 cerfs/km2) du sud du QuĂ©bec durant la saison de croissance des vĂ©gĂ©taux de 1997 et 1998. La disponibilitĂ© des aliments forestiers prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©s des cerfs Ă©tait plus grande dans LD que dans HD alors que la proportion du territoire agricole Ă©tait supĂ©rieure dans HD. La composition des rumens des cerfs de chacune des rĂ©gions diffĂ©rait. Les cerfs de HD ont consommĂ© de moins grandes proportions de plantes herbacĂ©es et de feuilles d’arbustes et d’arbres que ceux du secteur LD, mais de plus grandes proportions de fruits, de graminĂ©es et de plantes agricoles. La raretĂ© dans les rumens du secteur HD d’aliments communs dans ceux du secteur LD et dans plusieurs autres rĂ©gions de l’aire de rĂ©partition du cerf (e.g., Lilliacae), indique que les cerfs du secteur HD ne pouvaient compenser pour la raretĂ© de leurs aliments prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©s par un accroissement de la durĂ©e de la quĂȘte alimentaire, et qu’ils devaient consommer des plantes agricoles. Les cerfs de LD ont mangĂ© des aliments contenant plus de solubles cellulaires et de lignine que ceux de HD, ce qui reflĂšte une consommation de plantes forestiĂšres de bonne qualitĂ©. Le rĂ©gime alimentaire et la qualitĂ© de la nourriture peuvent expliquer pourquoi la taille des cerfs de HD a diminuĂ© entre les annĂ©es 1970 et 1990 alors que celle des cerfs de LD est demeurĂ©e grande

    Exon level transcriptomic profiling of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells reveals virus-induced genes and host environment favorable for viral replication.

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    HIV-1 is extremely specialized since, even amongst CD4(+) T lymphocytes (its major natural reservoir in peripheral blood), the virus productively infects only a small proportion of cells under an activated state. As the percentage of HIV-1-infected cells is very low, most studies have so far failed to capture the precise transcriptomic profile at the whole-genome scale of cells highly susceptible to virus infection. Using Affymetrix Exon array technology and a reporter virus allowing the magnetic isolation of HIV-1-infected cells, we describe the host cell factors most favorable for virus establishment and replication along with an overview of virus-induced changes in host gene expression occurring exclusively in target cells productively infected with HIV-1. We also establish that within a population of activated CD4(+) T cells, HIV-1 has no detectable effect on the transcriptome of uninfected bystander cells at early time points following infection. The data gathered in this study provides unique insights into the biology of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells and identifies genes thought to play a determinant role in the interplay between the virus and its host. Furthermore, it provides the first catalogue of alternative splicing events found in primary human CD4(+) T cells productively infected with HIV-1

    L'utilisation des outils Google pour l’éducation en Sciences, lettres et arts (SLA)

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    Est-il possible de faire apprendre en collaborant Ă  l’aide d’une technologie en constante Ă©volution ? VoilĂ  le pari que nous avons relevĂ©. Les participants pourront expĂ©rimenter, d’une part, les aspects pĂ©dagogiques de l’utilisation de l’appareil Chromebook et des outils Google dans un programme et, d’autre part, l’intĂ©gration de ces outils dans la coordination du programme et dans la gestion dĂ©partementale pour le partage de documents de travail et de la gestion des rĂ©unions

    Environmental influence of problematic social relationships on adolescents' daily cortisol secretion : a monozygotic twin-difference study

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    BACKGROUND: This study investigated the potential environmental effects of peer victimization and the quality of relationships with parents and friends on diurnal cortisol secretion in mid-adolescence. METHOD: This study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin-difference design to control for genetic effects and thus estimate the unique environmental influences on diurnal cortisol. Participants were 136 MZ twin pairs (74 female pairs) for whom cortisol was assessed four times per day over four collection days grouped in a 2-week period in grade 8 (mean age = 14.07 years). Participants also provided self-reports of peer victimization from grade 4 to grade 8 and of the relationship quality with the mother, father and best friend in grade 8. RESULTS: The expected pattern of diurnal cortisol secretion was observed, with high levels at awakening followed by an increase 30 min later and a progressive decrease subsequently. Controlling for a host of confounders, only within-twin pair differences in peer victimization and a problematic relationship with the mother were significantly linked to twin differences in diurnal cortisol secretion. Specifically, whereas a more problematic mother-child relationship was associated with morning cortisol secretion, peer victimization was linked to cortisol secretion later in the day (diurnal slope). CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for genetic influences and other confounders, stressful relationships with peers and the mother exert unique and time-specific environmental influences on the pattern of diurnal cortisol secretion in mid-adolescence
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