A Study of the Marketing of Feeder Cattle and Calves by the Farmers and Ranchers of South Dakota, 1947

Marketing, that is, the buying and selling of the various farm communities is a problem that is of great interest and importance to all, farmers and non-farmers alike. One of the many problems that confront the farmers and ranchers of South Dakota is that of marketing their feeder cattle at the most advantageous time using the type of market and transportation best suited to their individual circumstances

Influence of Surface Ligands on Charge-Carrier Trapping and Relaxation in Water-Soluble CdSe@CdS Nanorods

In this study, the impact of the type of ligand at the surface of colloidal CdSe@CdS dotin-rod nanostructures on the basic exciton relaxation and charge localization processes is closely examined. These systems have been introduced into the field of artificial photosynthesis as potent photosensitizers in assemblies for light driven hydrogen generation. Following photoinduced exciton generation, electrons can be transferred to catalytic reaction centers while holes localize into the CdSe seed, which can prevent charge recombination and lead to the formation of longlived charge separation in assemblies containing catalytic reaction centers. These processes are in competition with trapping processes of charges at surface defect sites. The density and type of surface defects strongly depend on the type of ligand used. Here we report on a systematic steadystate and time-resolved spectroscopic investigation of the impact of the type of anchoring group (phosphine oxide, thiols, dithiols, amines) and the bulkiness of the ligand (alkyl chains vs. poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) to unravel trapping pathways and localization efficiencies. We show that the introduction of the widely used thiol ligands leads to an increase of hole traps at the surface compared to trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) capped rods, which prevent hole localization in the CdSe core. On the other hand, steric restrictions, e.g., in dithiolates or with bulky side chains (PEG), decrease the surface coverage, and increase the density of electron trap states, impacting the recombination dynamics at the ns timescale. The amines in poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) on the other hand can saturate and remove surface traps to a wide extent. Implications for catalysis are discussed. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

A Uniting Force: The One Book, One City Program in Indianapolis

One Book, One City is a nation-wide program in which everyone in a community reads the same book. Typically an annual event, the program is intended to foster a sense of community, promote reading among adults, and celebrate literature. This paper evaluates the implementation of Indianapolis’s version of this program—One Book, One City: Indy Reads. In order to do this, the paper analyzes Indianapolis’s reaction to the program through book circulation, community involvement, and patron response

The changing nature of (un-)retirement in Germany: living conditions, activities and life phases of older adults in transition

In an aging work society, the transition to retirement represents a crucial passage in status for older adults. The conditions and the forms of the age-related status transition have changed substantially in Germany over recent decades. Thus, in addition to "indirect" retirement paths from various forms of non-employment, there is an increasing tendency to continue paid work beyond the regular retirement age limit. Moreover, older adults volunteer in civil society and are engaged within the family after retirement. These activities, together with prolonged labor market participation, form a central dimension of old age potential that can be a societal as well as an individual benefit. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of research, provide an overview of basic concepts as well as to advance the discourse on the transition to retirement and the potential of older people in Germany. One focus is on the labor market participation of older adults, even beyond the legal retirement age limit. In addition, we emphasize the interaction between different productive activities with regard to complementary or substitute relationships. These considerations are united in the concept of unretirement, which complements the traditional concept of retirement. A modified Rubicon model of action is presented as a heuristic framework for further empirical research on the labor market participation of older adults.In einer Gesellschaft des langen Lebens stellt der Übergang in den Ruhestand für viele ältere Erwachsene eine zentrale Statuspassage dar. Die Bedingungen und die Formen des Altersübergangs haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in Deutschland gewandelt. So ist neben "indirekten" Übergängen aus einer Nichterwerbstätigkeit auch zunehmend eine fortgeführte Erwerbstätigkeit über die Regelaltersgrenze hinaus zu beobachten. Darüber hinaus sind ältere Erwachsene auch nach dem Ruhestandseintritt in der Zivilgesellschaft und der Familie engagiert. Diese Tätigkeiten bilden zusammen mit einer verlängerten Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung eine zentrale Dimension der Potenziale älterer Erwachsener ab, die in einer alternden Bevölkerung sowohl von gesellschaftlichem als auch von individuellem Nutzen sein können. Ziel des Beitrags ist die umfassende Darstellung, die Zusammenführung und die Weiterentwicklung der Diskurse um den Übergang in den Ruhestand und die Potenziale älterer Menschen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Dabei liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf der Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung älterer Erwachsener, auch über die Regelaltersgrenze hinaus. Hierzu wird ein Rubikon-Handlungsmodell dargestellt, das als grundlegender heuristischer Rahmen für weiterführende empirische Forschungsarbeiten in diesem Bereich dienen kann. Zudem wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen verschiedenen "produktiven" Tätigkeiten im Sinne einer komplementären oder substitutiven Beziehung betont. Diese Überlegungen werden im Konzept des Unruhestands gebündelt, der den einseitig negativ konnotierten Begriff des Ruhestands ergänzen soll

A Design Framework for Adaptive Gamification Applications

The application of gamification does not always achieve the expected results due to the shortcomings of the quite common one size fits all approach of standard gamification concepts. We therefore propose a design framework that can inform systematic development of adaptive gamification applications. The developed framework draws on the current body of gamification literature, focusing on the emerging research stream of adaptive gamification. It provides design paths and design principles that translate the individual elements into concrete guidelines to assist the design practice. The framework has been successfully applied to the design and implementation of a prototype application using gamification to incentivize knowledge exchange on an existing online platform for physicians in practical medical training. The evaluation in a case study indicated positive user acceptance and increased system usage after the introduction of the developed adaptive gamification solution

Greifswald: das Image als Faktor der Stadtentwicklung; eine qualitative Untersuchung zur Stadtmarketing-Konzeption

The present paper analyses the image of the Hither Pomeranian city of Greifswald as a preliminary study of a city marketing concept. The author determines the image formed by so-called resident "experts" by means of a qualitative poll and additionally compares that picture to the opinion of non-resident visitors to the city. The image analysis pinpoints the city's weak and strong points and indicates the components which must be discussed in order to improve the city's attractiveness and to further its locational advantages. This discusion should be an integral part of the city marketing strategy. The points which are most cited in the image analysis of the city of Greifswald can be considered as the important items of discussion and approach in the city marketing strategy. Figuring above all among them are those qualitative characteristics which refer to the overall urban development and which also partially include the region. The first rank is held by the qualitative image characteristics of "City in attractive environment" and "Location of nuclear power station". The characteristic of „City in attractive environment“ expresses a generally positive basic attitude towards the city, even though it also restricts the advantage to a certain extent by indicating the disadvantage of the peripheral location. The attribute "Location of a nuclear power station" expresses a mostly negative basic attitude towards the city. Three other image components directly refer to the city itself: "City with a historic structure of building", "Small university city" and "Birth town of Caspar David Friedrichs". Those elements are positively rated without exception, even though the opinions of their actual value are more differentiated. So, for instance, the positively valued historical building structure is contrasted to the actual state of decay. When considering the recent approaches of city marketing in Greifswald, it becomes evident that the discussion has been focussed on the development of the city centre. The recognized deficits in the need of renovation of the old city, in the revival of public space and the recovery of the retail trade, in gastronomy as well as in cultural amenities take priority among the tasks to be solved

Photophysical characterization of dynamically linked polymers for self-healing applications

The thesis at hand deals with the spectroscopic and photophysical characterization of dynamically linked polymers, so called dynamers. Dynamers have already found extensive use in the fields of sensor systems or self-healing materials, but the combination of their dynamic chemistry with optical properties such as absorption or emission is still an open field of research. The present thesis is divided in three main parts. First, dynamers that rely on the Diels-Alder functionality were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved, i.e. transient absorption and time-resolved emission, spectroscopies. The chromophores embedded in the polymer scaffold belonged to the class of oligo(arylene ethynylene)s, which are known for their pronounced emission properties. In particular, the influence of the dynamer structure on their ground- and excited state properties both in solution as well as in thin films was studied. Additionally, energy transfer experiments in different polymer compositions were conducted. Second, an imine based polymer was probed with regards to its photostability. Utilizing different excitation energies and solvent properties, different photochemical deactivation pathways were found. Last, an imine-based polymer system was investigated that could partially self-heal its absorption properties after photodamage. Different polymer sructures which affected polymer mobility in films were tested and general rules for the design of optically active self-healing polymers were derived. Keywords: dynamic polymers, dynamic chemistry, self-healing, time-resolved spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, energy transfer, arylene ethynylene, phenylene ethynylene, photoisomerization, photooxidation

Pyrimidinone: Versatile Trojan horse in DNA photodamage?

(6-4) Photolesions between adjacent pyrimidine DNA bases are prone to secondary photochemistry. It has been shown that singlet excited (6-4) moieties form Dewar valence isomers as well as triplet excitations. We here report on the triplet state of a minimal model for the (6-4) photolesion, 1-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. Emphasis is laid on its ability to abstract hydrogen atoms from alcohols and carbohydrates. Steady-state and time-resolved experiments consistently yield bimolecular rate constants of ∼104 M−1 s−1 for the hydrogen abstraction. The process also occurs intramolecularly as experiments on zebularine (1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone) show

Selected Characteristics of Representative Irrigated and Dryland Farms and Ranches in the Belle Fourche Area: Comparing Irrigated and Dryland Operations

This is a descriptive report of the farms and ranches on the Belle Fourche Irrigation Project in northwestern western South Dakota and the surrounding dryland area. Data f or 1963 are presented describing representative farms and ranches in the area and also describing the extent of interrelationships between the dryland and the irrigated areas

Biomolecular Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals

Over the past ten years, methods have been developed to construct discrete nanostructures using nanocrystals and biomolecules. While these frequently consist of gold nanocrystals and DNA, semiconductor nanocrystals as well as antibodies and enzymes have also been used. One example of discrete nanostructures is dimers of gold nanocrystals linked together with complementary DNA. This type of nanostructure is also known as a nanocrystal molecule. Discrete nanostructures of this kind have a number of potential applications, from highly parallel self-assembly of electronics components and rapid read-out of DNA computations to biological imaging and a variety of bioassays. My research focused in three main areas. The first area, the refinement of electrophoresis as a purification and characterization method, included application of agarose gel electrophoresis to the purification of discrete gold nanocrystal/DNA conjugates and nanocrystal molecules, as well as development of a more detailed understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior of these materials in gels. The second area, the development of methods for quantitative analysis of transmission electron microscope data, used computer programs written to find pair correlations as well as higher order correlations. With these programs, it is possible to reliably locate and measure nanocrystal molecules in TEM images. The final area of research explored the use of DNA ligase in the formation of nanocrystal molecules. Synthesis of dimers of gold particles linked with a single strand of DNA possible through the use of DNA ligase opens the possibility for amplification of nanostructures in a manner similar to polymerase chain reaction. These three areas are discussed in the context of the work in the Alivisatos group, as well as the field as a whole