Drobna szlachta podlaska w XVI-XIX wieku. Materiały sympozjum w Holnach Mejera (26-27 maja 1989) pod redakcją Stefana K. Kuczyńskiego, Białystok 1991, s. 186

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Язык политики – попытка однозначной классификации

The article is an attempt at an unequivocal determination of the belonging of the language of politics to the particular variation of the language of the style. The text verifies the language of politics as a sociolect and from the functional perspective.Статья является попыткой однозначно определить принадлежность языка политики к конкретной языковой разновидности или стилю. В тексте язык политики рассматривается как социолект, а также с перспективы функционального стиля.Uniwersytet w Białymstok

Rozwój układu przestrzennego Mielnika z XIII-XVIII w.

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The Influence of historical heritage on idea of Belarusian statehood in 1914-1918

At the beginning of the 20th century, Belarusians were over 5 million people and lived in the five western governorates of the Russian Empire. Most of them (92%) belonged to the low educated peasant class. Only a very small of Belarusians formed the upper classes. Belarusians belonged mainly to two churches: the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic, but neither of them supported the Belarusian national idea. The lack of an national elite was a consequence of cultural and religious processes from the past. In consequence the upper classes were gradually Polonized and Russified, especially under the influence of the ideology of the Russian state known as “Western Russianism”. Under the influence of the past experiences, the Belarusian state idea was formed (references were made to the previous statehoods in Belarus: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, from the other side the tradition of the Commonwealth was reject). Before World War I, the Belarusian Socialist Group were formulated a postulate to establish an autonomy of Lithuania and Belarus in the Russian Empire with the National Seym in Vilno. In the years 1915–1919 the following concepts have been put forward: he restitution of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, The Baltic-Black Sea Confederation, political autonomy of Belarus, the proclamation of The Republic of Belarus with strong relation with democratic Russia, the proclamation of an independent Belarus, and the declaration of The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.Na początku XX w. Białorusini liczyli ponad 5 mln osób i skupiali się głównie  w pięciu zachodnich guberniach Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego. Większość z nich (92% nnależała do warstwy chłopskiej, słabo wykształconej. Tylko bardzo niewielki odsetek Białorusinów tworzył warstwy wyższe. Białorusini należeli głównie do dwóch Kościołów: prawosławnego i rzymskokatolickiego, ale żaden z nich nie popierał białoruskiej idei narodowej. Brak elity był następstwem procesów kulturalnych i wyznaniowych, które sięgały daleko w przeszłość, a zadecydowały o tym, że wyższe warstwy uległy stopniowej polonizacji, a następnie rusyfikacji, szczególnie pod wpływem ideologii rosyjskiego państwa, określanej mianem zachodniorusizmu. Pod wpływem doświadczeń przeszłości formowała się białoruska idea państwowa (odwoływano się do poprzednich rodzajów państwowości powstałych na obszarze Białorusi: Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i Rosji, a ignorujących tradycję Rzeczypospolitej, a przez to i ewentualne związki z Polską). Białoruska Socjalistyczna Gromada przed I wojną światową sformułowała jedynie postulat utworzenia w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim autonomii Litwy i Białorusi z Sejmem Krajowym w Wilnie. W latach 1915–1919 po obu stronach frontu niemiecko-rosyjskiego powstały koncepcje: restytucji Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, konfederacji bałtyckoczarnomorskiej, autonomii politycznej Białorusi, utworzenia republiki białoruskiej w związku z demokratyczną Rosją, proklamacji niezależnej i niepodległej Białorusi, utworzenia Białoruskiej Republiki Radzieckiej

When inmates make the rules (and enforce them): democracy in self-governing prisons

What happens when a state fails to run its prisons? David Skarbek and Courtney Michaluk examine the phenomenon of prison self-governance – when inmates are locked up but left to their own devices. In some jails in Latin America, prisoners establish their own governing bodies to keep order, sometimes even setting up extralegal courts of their own. Even in California, understaffing means that gangs determine much of everyday prison life

Evaluation of the effectiveness of selected natural fertility symptoms used for contraception: estimation of the Pearl index of Lady-Comp, Pearly and Daysy cycle computers based on 10 years of observation in the Polish market

Objectives: Cycle computers are medical devices which use sophisticated statistical methods in addition to a comprehensive on-board database. Their main function is to precisely indicate the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle, based on daily basal body temperature measurements. A recent medical research program aimed at evaluating the EFFECTIVENESS of cycle computers for contraceptive purposes was conducted. Material and methods: This study was conducted between May and June 2016 on 3,450 Polish women. The Polish distributor sent an anonymous questionnaire to the participants. To date, 361 women, representing 17,322 cycles have returned accurately completed questionnaires. Results: In the resultant group only 4 unintended pregnancies were observed, resulting in a Pearl index of 0.4989. This suggests that fewer than 5 in 1000 women, who use a cycle computer correctly over a period of one year, may become pregnant unintentionally. This result is slightly better than the results from 2010, when the Pearl index was 0.64. Conclusions: The results obtained from the study indicate that the effectiveness of cycle computers for contraceptive purposes is comparable with other methods, such as hormonal contraception, and therefore cycle computers can be recommended for women who either cannot use or do not wish to use traditional contraception. These results confirm the effectiveness of using natural fertility symptoms, such as basal body temperature changes in the context of cycle computer technology for the purposes of contraception

Having an Elective Cesarean Section: Doing What\u27s Best

The purpose of this study was to discover a theory on how women decide to deliver their babies by cesarean section instead of experiencing a trial of labor and expected vaginal delivery when it is appropriate. The specific goals are to answer the research questions: What is the decision-making process by which healthy, low-risk women choose to deliver their babies by cesarean delivery in the absence of medical indications? What antecedents occur to influence a pregant woman\u27s decision to undergo a maternal request cesaren section? Seven women from the surrounding Knoxville area underwent in-depth interviews. To qualify for the study, the women had to be healthy and low-risk, had an elective cesarean section within the last two years, be 18 years or older and reside in the East Tennessee area. Symbolic interactionism and feminism were utilized to provide a theoretical framework for the study. The grounded theory methodology by Strauss and Corbin (1990) was used to develop the core category, context, antecedents, intervening factors and consequences. From the data, a substantive theory was identified, Having an elective c-section: Doing what\u27s best. The antecedents of the women\u27s decision were being scared and perceiving a cesarean section as an easier way to give birth. Women made this choice after gathering information and seeking support from health care providers, friends and family within the context of progressing through the pregnancy. Once the decision was made and the cesarean section was performed, the women voiced happiness with their decision and in having a good outcome. The findings of this study may assist office nurses, public health nurses, midwives, advanced practice nurses, childbirth educators and other women\u27s health nurses to educate women on their childbirth options and hopefully to reduce the rate of maternal request cesarean deliveries

Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation induces behavioral, metabolic and neurochemical effects in rats on high-calorie diet

Due to its high prevalence, obesity is considered an epidemic, which stimulated research on non-invasive methods to reduce excess body fat. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate the activity of cerebral cortex, which has already found increasing interest in medicine as a promising methodology. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of tDCS on feeding behavior, metabolic abnormalities and neurotransmitters in certain brain areas involved in appetite control of obese rats. The male Wistar rats were divided into five subgroups depending on consumed diet effect (lean, obese) and tDCS type (anodal, cathodal, sham, and no stimulation). Two 10-min daily sessions of tDCS for 8 consecutive days of the study were applied. Rats subjected to active tDCS (anodal right or cathodal left of the prefrontal cortex) had reduced appetite and showed lesser body weight gain than the animals subjected to sham procedure or those receiving no stimulation at all. Furthermore, tDCS contributed to reduction of epididymal fat pads and to a decrease in blood concentration of leptin. Neurochemical examination revealed that tDCS modulated serotonin pathways of the reward-related brain areas and contributed to a significant decrease in the density of D2 but not D1 dopamine receptors in the dorsal striatum, recorded 5 h after the last stimulation. No significant effect of tDCS on dopamine and it's metabolites in examined brain regions was observed. It seems that the hypothalamus was not affected by tDCS application as no changes in measured neurotransmitters were detected at any examined time point. However, these results do not exclude the possibility of the delayed response of the monoamines in the examined brain areas to tDCS application. Altogether, these findings imply that repeated tDCS of the prefrontal cortex may change feeding behavior of obese rats. Either right anodal or left cathodal tDCS were sufficient to decrease food intake, to reduce body adiposity and to normalize other metabolic anomalies. These beneficial effects can be at least partially explained by changes in serotoninergic and in lesser extent dopaminergic system activity within some brain areas belonging to reward system