Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Art and disaster resilience:Perspectives from the visual and performing arts

Several contributions to this volume discuss the key role social and cultural processes play in the development and implementation of DRR processes. This chapter explores how the visual and performing (song) arts, prominent socio-cultural media for communication and engagement in all countries, can inform how resilience is conceptualized and enacted. The French mathematician René Thom introduced the catastrophe theory in the 1960’s. In this theory, small changes in certain parameters of a nonlinear system can cause equilibria to appear or disappear, or to change from attracting to repelling and vice versa, leading to large and sudden changes in the behavior of the system. On a larger scale, catastrophe theory reveals the existence of bifurcation points that can create deformation instead of formation, catastrophe instead of creation. These are thought-provoking points for the discipline of Visual Arts. The catastrophe stimulates for them creation or re-creation. An artist can hold a small globe of clay in their hand and make it take any form by pressing their thumbs upon it. Visual artists can change how elements of the world are perceived. Through the medium of their art they create new realities. Public exhibition of these new realities can influence and even transform how people think about and act towards the environment

Fentanyl treatment reduces GABAergic inhibition in the CA1 area of the hippocampus 24 h after acute exposure to the drug

The effect of in vivo fentanyl treatment on synaptic transmission was studied in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus. Animals were treated either with saline or fentanyl (4 x 80 mu g/kg, s.c./15 min). Intracellular in vitro recordings were obtained, 24 h after treatment, from CA1 pyramidal neurons. No difference in pyramidal neuron basic membrane properties or postsynaptic membrane excitability was observed between neurons from saline- and fentanyl-treated animals. The peak amplitude of fast (f-) and slow (s-) components of IPSPs elicited in standard ACSF and the peak amplitude and rate of rise of isolated f- and s-IPSPs elicited in the presence of antagonists (CNQX, 10 mu M; AP-5, 10 mu M; CGP 55845, 1 mu M; and bicuculline methochloride, 10 mu M), in response to various stimulus intensities, was smaller in fentanyl-treated animals. Conversely, the rising slope of excitatory responses was similar in neurons from saline- and fentanyl-treated animals. Furthermore, in fentanyl-treated animals, lower stimulus strengths were required to elicit subthreshold excitatory responses of the same amplitude suggesting that acute exposure to fentanyl increases susceptibility of pyramidal neurons to presynaptic stimulation. GABA immunohistochemistry revealed lower GABA content in processes and neuronal somata suggesting diminished GABA release onto pyramidal neurons. We conclude that acute in vivo exposure to fentanyl is sufficient to induce long-lasting reduction in GABA-mediated transmission, rather, than enhanced excitatory transmission or modulation of the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons. These findings provide evidence regarding the mechanisms involved in the early stages of tolerance development towards the analgesic effects of opioids. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved