POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES OF DIFFERENT SUBFAMILIES OF FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE, DIPTERA

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Complexes of Zinc With Picolinic and Aspartic Acids Inactivate Free Varicella-Zoster Virions

Zn(II) picolinate and aspartate, Zn(pic)2 and Zn(asp)2, have been shown to inhibit key steps of the replication of HSV-1. In the present study we describe the effect of Zn(pic)2 and Zn(asp)2 on the replication of VZV and on the infectivity of free virions. The experiments are done using BHK-21 cells, a clinical isolate of VZV and Zn-complexes in concentration of 10 μM. When Zn-complexes are present during the whole period of infection, the yield of infectious virus progeny decreases up to 98%. The infectivity of VZV is completely restored after the removal of zinc. The virucidal effect is manifested at the 2nd h of contact, when 90% of the virions are inactivated. The results show that both Zn(pic)2 and Zn(asp)2 specifically inactivate free VZV virions with no effect on viral replication

STUDY OF THE ACUTE TOXICITY AND COMBINED ACTION OF THE PESTICIDES ACREX AND ACTELIC

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Dynamics of Nanometer-Scale Foil Targets Irradiated with Relativistically Intense Laser Pulses

In this letter we report on an experimental study of high harmonic radiation generated in nanometer-scale foil targets irradiated under normal incidence. The experiments constitute the first unambiguous observation of odd-numbered relativistic harmonics generated by the $\vec{v}\times\vec{B}$ component of the Lorentz force verifying a long predicted property of solid target harmonics. Simultaneously the observed harmonic spectra allow in-situ extraction of the target density in an experimental scenario which is of utmost interest for applications such as ion acceleration by the radiation pressure of an ultraintense laser.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Tecnologias e dispositivos de microondas que separam a pele da pele de coelho

The purpose of this work is the development of microwave technology and de-vices separating fur from rabbit skins in a continuous mode at reduced operating costs. They developed the method for the action of the ultrahigh frequency electro-magnetic field (UFEF), which provides the reduction of fur fiber holding power in the meat fabric of rabbit skins with simultaneous combing and gathering. They calcu-lated the mathematical dependences describing the dynamics of multicomponent raw material heating with the change of dielectric and physicomechanical parameters in the process of UFEF. They calculated and visualized the electromagnetic field distri-butions in the developed resonators, on the basis of which they substantiated the ef-fective parameters of the electrodynamic system: the maximum property, the quality of resonators and the electric field strength. They substantiated the complex of struc-tural and technological parameters of devices with new structural design of working chambers by a multi-criteria evaluation of the technological process for the separation of fur from rabbit skin. They manufactured and tested the microwave device under production conditions for the separation of fur from rabbit skin, and adjusted the op-erating modes, which allow to reduce operating costs. They evaluated the technical and economic efficiency of microwave technology introduction for the processing of fur and the devices for rabbit farms; they developed practical recommendations for the operation of microwave units to separate fur from rabbit skins.El propósito de este trabajo es el desarrollo de la tecnología de microondas y los dispositivos que separan la piel de los cueros de conejo en un modo continuo a costos operativos reducidos. Desarrollaron el método para la acción del campo electromagnético de frecuencia ultraalta (UFEF), que proporciona la reducción del poder de retención de la fibra de la piel en el tejido de carne de la piel de conejo con el peinado y la recolección simultáneos. Calcularon las dependencias matemáticas que describen la dinámica del calentamiento de materias primas de componentes múltiples con el cambio de los parámetros dieléctricos y fisicomecánicos en el proceso de la UFEF. Calcularon y visualizaron las distribuciones del campo electromagnético en los resonadores desarrollados, sobre la base de los cuales fundamentaron los parámetros efectivos del sistema electrodinámico: la propiedad máxima, la calidad de los resonadores y la intensidad del campo eléctrico. Ellos sustentaron el complejo de parámetros estructurales y tecnológicos de los dispositivos con un nuevo diseño estructural de las cámaras de trabajo mediante una evaluación de múltiples criterios del proceso tecnológico para la separación de la piel del cuero del conejo.  Fabricaron y probaron el dispositivo de microondas en condiciones de producción para la separación de la piel de la piel de conejo, y ajustaron los modos de operación, lo que permite reducir los costos operativos. Evaluaron la eficiencia técnica y económica de la introducción de la tecnología de microondas para el procesamiento de pieles y los dispositivos para granjas de conejos; desarrollaron recomendaciones prácticas para el uncionamiento de las unidades de microondas para separar las pieles de los cueros de conejo.O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de tecnologia e dispositivos que separam a pele de peles de coelho em um modo contínuo a custos operacionais reduzidos microondas. Eles desenvolveram o método para a acção do campo electromagnético de alta frequência ultra-(UFEF), que fornece pele de coelho carne tecido de pele para retenção de fibras de energia reduzido com cabelo e recolha simultânea. Calcularam as dependências matemático para descrever a dinâmica do aquecimento materiais multicomponentes com a mudança de dieltricos e parâmetros fisicomecánicos no processo de UFEF. Eles calculado e visualizado as distribuições de campo eletromagnético em ressonadores desenvolvidos, com base na qual fundamentar os parâmetros reais do sistema electrodynamic: a propriedade máximo, a qualidade dos ressonadores e intensidade do campo elétrico. Eles sustentadas parâmetros estruturais e tecnológicas complexas dos dispositivos com um novo design estrutural das câmaras de trabalho através de uma avaliação multi-critérios do processo tecnológico para a separação de couro pele de coelho. Eles fabricado e testado o dispositivo de micro-ondas, sob condições de produção para a separação da pele da pele de coelho, e modos de operação ajustados, reduzindo assim os custos operacionais. Eles avaliaram a eficiência técnica e econômica da introdução de tecnologia de microondas para o processamento de dispositivos fazendas de peles e de coelho; desenvolveu recomendações práticas para a operação de unidades de microondas para separar peles de peles de coelho

Molecular and Subcellular-Scale Modeling of Nucleotide Diffusion in the Cardiac Myofilament Lattice

AbstractContractile function of cardiac cells is driven by the sliding displacement of myofilaments powered by the cycling myosin crossbridges. Critical to this process is the availability of ATP, which myosin hydrolyzes during the cross-bridge cycle. The diffusion of adenine nucleotides through the myofilament lattice has been shown to be anisotropic, with slower radial diffusion perpendicular to the filament axis relative to parallel, and is attributed to the periodic hexagonal arrangement of the thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments. We investigated whether atomistic-resolution details of myofilament proteins can refine coarse-grain estimates of diffusional anisotropy for adenine nucleotides in the cardiac myofibril, using homogenization theory and atomistic thin filament models from the Protein Data Bank. Our results demonstrate considerable anisotropy in ATP and ADP diffusion constants that is consistent with experimental measurements and dependent on lattice spacing and myofilament overlap. A reaction-diffusion model of the half-sarcomere further suggests that diffusional anisotropy may lead to modest adenine nucleotide gradients in the myoplasm under physiological conditions

Structural and functional alterations in salivary gland chromosomes and enzyme activity of Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) from anthropogenically polluted sites in Bulgaria and Turkey

The effect of environment contaminants on genome instability and changes in enzyme activity (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase activities (GST), etoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and metallothionein (MT)) of Chironomus riparius Mg. from Bulgarian and Turkish stations over two years (2009, 2010) as well as laboratory reared larvae were studied. Physicochemical analysis of the sediments from the field stations indicated the presence of heavy metal pollutants (Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cd) whose concentrations were higher than the reference data. Genome instability was determined by somatic structural and functional alterations of the polytene chromosomes. In the field sites of both countries somatic aberrations occurred at a significantly higher frequency (p < 0.001) compared with control and laboratory material. C. riparius in sediments with higher concentrations of trace metals (Derincay River, Turkey and Chaya River, Bulgaria), was found to possess a high spectrum of somatic chromosome rearrangements with a somatic index of 2.53 and 3.25 respectively. Changes in functional activity included decreased activity of the Balbiani rings (BRs) and nucleolar organizer (NOR). The observed chromosome alterations agree with the high degree of trace metal pollution and high activity of the studied enzymes. However, no correlation between single somatic chromosome rearrangements and concentrations of specific metal ions was defined. The data are discussed in the light of the wide variety of interactions of metals in nature. The results show that the genome response and biochemical markers are sensitive markers of toxicity and provide early warning indicators of contaminants in the environment. © 2012 Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica

Building professional discourse in emerging markets: Language, context and the challenge of sensemaking

Using ethnographic evidence from the former Soviet republics, this article examines a relatively new and mainly unobserved in the International Business (IB) literature phenomenon of communication disengagement that manifests itself in many emerging markets. We link it to the deficiencies of the local professional business discourse rooted in language limitations reflecting lack of experience with the market economy. This hampers cognitive coherence between foreign and local business entities, adding to the liability of foreignness as certain instances of professional experience fail to find adequate linguistic expression, and complicates cross-cultural adjustments causing multi-national companies (MNCs) financial losses. We contribute to the IB literature by examining cross-border semantic sensemaking through a retrospectively constructed observational study. We argue that a relative inadequacy of the national professional idiom is likely to remain a feature of business environment in post-communist economies for some time and therefore should be factored into business strategies of MNCs. Consequently, we recommend including discursive hazards in the risk evaluation of international projects

Numerical Analysis of Ca2+ Signaling in Rat Ventricular Myocytes with Realistic Transverse-Axial Tubular Geometry and Inhibited Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The t-tubules of mammalian ventricular myocytes are invaginations of the cell membrane that occur at each Z-line. These invaginations branch within the cell to form a complex network that allows rapid propagation of the electrical signal, and hence synchronous rise of intracellular calcium (Ca2+). To investigate how the t-tubule microanatomy and the distribution of membrane Ca2+ flux affect cardiac excitation-contraction coupling we developed a 3-D continuum model of Ca2+ signaling, buffering and diffusion in rat ventricular myocytes. The transverse-axial t-tubule geometry was derived from light microscopy structural data. To solve the nonlinear reaction-diffusion system we extended SMOL software tool (http://mccammon.ucsd.edu/smol/). The analysis suggests that the quantitative understanding of the Ca2+ signaling requires more accurate knowledge of the t-tubule ultra-structure and Ca2+ flux distribution along the sarcolemma. The results reveal the important role for mobile and stationary Ca2+ buffers, including the Ca2+ indicator dye. In agreement with experiment, in the presence of fluorescence dye and inhibited sarcoplasmic reticulum, the lack of detectible differences in the depolarization-evoked Ca2+ transients was found when the Ca2+ flux was heterogeneously distributed along the sarcolemma. In the absence of fluorescence dye, strongly non-uniform Ca2+ signals are predicted. Even at modest elevation of Ca2+, reached during Ca2+ influx, large and steep Ca2+ gradients are found in the narrow sub-sarcolemmal space. The model predicts that the branched t-tubule structure and changes in the normal Ca2+ flux density along the cell membrane support initiation and propagation of Ca2+ waves in rat myocytes