Distribution Pattern of the Superior and Inferior Labial Arteries: Impact for Safe Upper and Lower Lip Augmentation Procedures

Background: Understanding the precise position and course of the superior and inferior labial arteries within the upper lip and the lower lip is crucial for safe and complication-free applications of volumizing materials. Methods: One hundred ninety-three anatomical head specimens (56.5 percent female cadavers) of Caucasian ethnicity were investigated in this large multicenter anatomical study. In total, six 3-cm-long vertical incisions were performed on each lip (midline and 1 cm medial to the angles of the mouth) to identify the position of the superior and inferior labial arteries in relation to the orbicularis oris muscle. Results: Three different positions of the superior and inferior labial arteries were identified: submucosal (i.e., between the oral mucosa and the orbicularis oris muscle in 78.1 percent of the cases), intramuscular (i.e., between the superficial and deep layers of the orbicularis oris muscle in 17.5 percent of the cases), and subcutaneous (i.e., between the skin and the orbicularis oris muscle in 2.1 percent of the cases). The variability in changing the respective position along the labial course was 29 percent for the total upper and 32 percent for the total lower lip. The midline location was identified in both the upper and lower lips to be the most variable. Conclusions: Based on the results of this investigation, a safer location for the application of volumizing material is the subcutaneous plane in the paramedian location of both the upper lip and the lower lip. Care has to be taken when aiming to inject in the midline, as the artery can be identified more frequently in superficial positions

Role of substrate quality on the performance of semipolar (11 2 - 2) InGaN light-emitting diodes

We compare the optical properties and device performance of unpackaged InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting at ∼430 nm grown simultaneously on a high-cost small-size bulk semipolar (11 2 - 2) GaN substrate (Bulk-GaN) and a low-cost large-size (11 2 - 2) GaN template created on patterned (10 1 - 2) r-plane sapphire substrate (PSS-GaN). The Bulk-GaN substrate has the threading dislocation density (TDD) of ∼ and basal-plane stacking fault (BSF) density of 0 cm-1, while the PSS-GaN substrate has the TDD of ∼2 × 108cm-2 and BSF density of ∼1 × 103cm-1. Despite an enhanced light extraction efficiency, the LED grown on PSS-GaN has two-times lower internal quantum efficiency than the LED grown on Bulk-GaN as determined by photoluminescence measurements. The LED grown on PSS-GaN substrate also has about two-times lower output power compared to the LED grown on Bulk-GaN substrate. This lower output power was attributed to the higher TDD and BSF density

Presence of depression and anxiety before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relationship to age

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Scientific literature on depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) consistently reports data of elevated anxiety and depression scores indicating clinically relevant quantities of these psychopathological conditions. Depression is considered to be a risk factor for the development of CHD and deteriorates the outcome after cardiac rehabilitation efforts. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of clinically relevant anxiety and depression in patients before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Additionally we evaluated their relationship to age because of the increasing number of elderly patients undergoing CABG surgery.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One hundred and forty-two consecutive patients who underwent CABG in our hospital were asked to fill in the "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – German Version (HADS)" to measure depression and anxiety scores two days before and ten days after CABG surgery. Differences between these pre- and post-surgical scores were then calculated as means for changes, and the amount of elevated scores were appraised. In order to investigate the relationship between age and anxiety and depression, respectively, Spearman correlations between age and the difference scores were calculated. In addition, ANOVA procedures with the factor "age group" and McNemar tests were calculated. Therefore the sample was divided into four equally sized age groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>25.8% of the patients were clinically depressed before and 17.5% after surgery; 34.0% of the patients were clinically anxious before and 24.7% after surgery. This overall change is not significant. We found a significant negative correlation between age and the difference between the two time points for anxiety (Spearman rho = -.218; p = 0.03), but not for depression (Spearman rho = -.128; p = 0.21). ANOVA and McNemar-Tests revealed that anxiety scores and the number of patients high in anxiety declined statistically meaningful only in the youngest patient group. Such a relationship could not be found for depression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data show a relationship between age and anxiety. Younger patients are more anxious before CABG surgery than older ones and show a decline in symptoms while elderly patients show hardly any change.</p

The 2020 UV emitter roadmap

Solid state UV emitters have many advantages over conventional UV sources. The (Al,In,Ga)N material system is best suited to produce LEDs and laser diodes from 400 nm down to 210 nm—due to its large and tuneable direct band gap, n- and p-doping capability up to the largest bandgap material AlN and a growth and fabrication technology compatible with the current visible InGaN-based LED production. However AlGaN based UV-emitters still suffer from numerous challenges compared to their visible counterparts that become most obvious by consideration of their light output power, operation voltage and long term stability. Most of these challenges are related to the large bandgap of the materials. However, the development since the first realization of UV electroluminescence in the 1970s shows that an improvement in understanding and technology allows the performance of UV emitters to be pushed far beyond the current state. One example is the very recent realization of edge emitting laser diodes emitting in the UVC at 271.8 nm and in the UVB spectral range at 298 nm. This roadmap summarizes the current state of the art for the most important aspects of UV emitters, their challenges and provides an outlook for future developments

Benthic Algal Biomass in the Etowah Basin and Implications to Establishing Nutrient Criteria in Streams

Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resources Conference, April 26 and 27, 2001, Athens, Georgia.We determined algal biomass in 30 tributaries to the Etowah River in northern Georgia. Mean chlorophyll a ranged from extremely low to 150 mg/m². Several physical and chemical variables were measured as part of this study including dissolved nutrients, total suspended solids, substrate particle size and stream slope. In a multivariate model of algal biomass, three variables, average particle size (+), dissolved oxygen (+), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (-), entered into the model, which explained 78% of the variation in algal biomass. We subsequently determined that annual concentrations of SRP were strongly related to measures of sedimentation and fine particles at a site. Thus, higher concentrations of SRP were associated with increases in small particles and any positive effect of increased SRP on algal biomass was out-weighed by the negative effect of sedimentation among sites. In a model that included only dissolved nutrients and TSS as potential independent variables, dissolved inorganic nitrogen was positively related and TSS was negatively related to algal biomass. Our data illustrate that sedimentation strongly impacts availability of algae in these watersheds. In addition, these effects can obscure predictive relationships between nutrients and algal biomass, such that alternative nutrient criteria (e.g., biotic indicators) may be more robust where watersheds receive excess sediment.Sponsored and Organized by: U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service, The University of Georgia, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyThis book was published by the Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202. The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of The University of Georgia, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Georgia Water Research Institute as authorized by the Water Resources Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-397) or the other conference sponsors

When and why was the phrenicoabdominal branch of the left phrenic nerve placed into the esophageal hiatus in German textbooks of C anatomy? An anatomical study on 400 specimens reevaluating its course through the diaphragm

Background: The phrenicoabdominal branch of the left phrenic nerve passes between muscle fiber bundles within the costal part of the diaphragm near the pericardium. In most German textbooks of anatomy, however, its passage is described to be found in the esophageal hiatus. The aim of this study was to reevaluate its topography relative to the diaphragm in a multicentric study and to identify the initiation of this description. Methods: In this multicentric study, the most dorsomedial branch of the left phrenic nerve was identified as the phrenicoabdominal branch in 400 embalmed anatomic specimens of Caucasian origin. The distance between its passage and the apex of the pericardium, the left border of the esophageal hiatus, and the inner aspect of the left sixth rib was measured on the cranial aspect of the diaphragm. Textbooks on human anatomy published in German language between 1700 and 2018 were reviewed for their description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch through the diaphragm. Results: The first statement on the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch through the esophageal hiatus was given in 1791 by Sommering. Since then, in German textbooks of anatomy, a duality in the description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch persists. In none of the individuals examined in this study, the left phrenicoabdominal branch passed through the esophageal hiatus. In 99.5% of all cases, it pierced the costal part of the diaphragm dorsal to or at the same level as the apex of the pericardium. The mean distances (standard deviations) were 3.4 (+/- 1.5) cm to the apex of the pericardium, 5.8 (+/- 2.2) cm to the esophageal hiatus, and 5.5 (+/- 1.6) cm to the inner aspect of the left sixth rib. Conclusion: The findings on the position of the left phrenicoabdominal branch relative to the diaphragm help to improve topographical knowledge and prevent inadvertent nerve injury during surgical interventions on or near the diaphragm. Further to this, these results may form a substantial basis to adopt the correct description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch to anatomical textbook knowledge. (C) 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved