String breaking and lines of constant physics in the SU(2) Higgs model

We present results for the ground state and first excited state static potentials in the confinement "phase" of the SU(2) Higgs model. String breaking and the crossing of the energy levels are clearly visible. We address the question of the cut-off effects in our results and observe a remarkable scaling of the static potentials.Comment: LATTICE99(Higgs), 3 pages, 4 figure

Modeling in Early Stages of Technology Development: Is an Iterative Approach Needed?; Comment on “Problems and Promises of Health Technologies: The Role of Early Health Economic Modeling”

A recent paper by Grutters et al makes the case for early health economic modeling in the development of health technologies. A number of examples of the value of early modeling are given, with analyses being performed at different stages in the development of several non-drug health technologies. This commentary acknowledges the contribution of the paper by Grutters et al and argues for an iterative and integrated approach to early modeling, assessing the cost-effectiveness of the technology, the value of future research and the interaction with the manufacturer’s pricing and revenue expectations

Proof of the MHV vertex expansion for all tree amplitudes in N=4 SYM theory

We prove the MHV vertex expansion for all tree amplitudes of N=4 SYM theory. The proof uses a shift acting on all external momenta, and we show that every N^kMHV tree amplitude falls off as 1/z^k, or faster, for large z under this shift. The MHV vertex expansion allows us to derive compact and efficient generating functions for all N^kMHV tree amplitudes of the theory. We also derive an improved form of the anti-NMHV generating function. The proof leads to a curious set of sum rules for the diagrams of the MHV vertex expansion.Comment: 40 pages, 7 figure

International Lessons in New Methods for Grading and Integrating Cost Effectiveness Evidence into Clinical Practice Guidelines

Economic evidence is influential in health technology assessment world-wide. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) can enable economists to include economic information on health care provision. Application of economic evidence in CPGs, and its integration into clinical practice and national decision making is hampered by objections from professions, paucity of economic evidence or lack of policy commitment. The use of state-of-art economic methodologies will improve this. Economic evidence can be graded by 'checklists' to establish the best evidence for decision making given methodological rigor. New economic evaluation checklists, Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses (MCDA) and other decision criteria enable health economists to impact on decision making world-wide. We analyse the methodologies for integrating economic evidence into CPG agencies globally, including the Agency of Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) in the USA, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian political reforms. The Guidelines and Economists Network International (GENI) Board members from Australia, UK, Canada and Denmark presented the findings at the conference of the International Health Economists Association (IHEA) and we report conclusions and developments since. The Consolidated Guidelines for the Reporting of Economic Evaluations (CHEERS) 24 item check list can be used by AHRQ, NHMRC, other CPG and health organisations, in conjunction with the Drummond ten-point check list and a questionnaire that scores that checklist for grading studies, when assessing economic evidence. Cost-effectiveness Analysis (CEA) thresholds, opportunity cost and willingness-to-pay (WTP) are crucial issues for decision rules in CEA generally, including end-of-life therapies. Limitations of inter-rater reliability in checklists can be addressed by including more than one assessor to reach a consensus, especially when impacting on treatment decisions. We identify priority areas to generate economic evidence for CPGs by NHMRC, AHRQ, and other agencies. The evidence may cover demand for care issues such as involved time, logistics, innovation price, price sensitivity, substitutes and complements, WTP, absenteeism and presentism. Supply issues may include economies of scale, efficiency changes, and return on investment. Involved equity and efficiency measures may include cost-of-illness, disease burden, quality-of-life, budget impact, cost-effective ratios, net benefits and disparities in access and outcomes.. Priority setting remains essential and trade-off decisions between policy criteria can be based on MCDA, both in evidence based clinical medicine and in health planning

Overlap of the Wilson loop with the broken-string state

Numerical experiments on most gauge theories coupled with matter failed to observe string-breaking effects while measuring Wilson loops only. We show that, under rather mild assumptions, the overlap of the Wilson loop operator with the broken-string state obeys a natural upper bound implying that the signal of string-breaking is in general too weak to be detected by the conventional updating algorithms. In order to reduce the variance of the Wilson loops in 3-D Z_2 gauge Higgs model we use a new algorithm based on the L\"uscher-Weisz method combined with a non-local cluster algorithm which allows to follow the decay of rectangular Wilson loops up to values of the order of 10^{-24}. In this way a sharp signal of string breaking is found.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Dual conformal symmetry of 1-loop NMHV amplitudes in N=4 SYM theory

We prove that 1-loop n-point NMHV superamplitudes in N=4 SYM theory are dual conformal covariant for all numbers n of external particles (after regularization and subtraction of IR divergences). This property was previously established for n < 10 in arXiv:0808.0491. We derive an explicit representation of these superamplitudes in terms of dual conformal cross-ratios. We also show that all the 1-loop `box coefficients' obtained from maximal cuts of N^kMHV n-point functions are covariant under dual conformal transformations.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure

Quantifying Condition-Dependent Intracellular Protein Levels Enables High-Precision Fitness Estimates

Countless studies monitor the growth rate of microbial populations as a measure of fitness. However, an enormous gap separates growth-rate differences measurable in the laboratory from those that natural selection can distinguish efficiently. Taking advantage of the recent discovery that transcript and protein levels in budding yeast closely track growth rate, we explore the possibility that growth rate can be more sensitively inferred by monitoring the proteomic response to growth, rather than growth itself. We find a set of proteins whose levels, in aggregate, enable prediction of growth rate to a higher precision than direct measurements. However, we find little overlap between these proteins and those that closely track growth rate in other studies. These results suggest that, in yeast, the pathways that set the pace of cell division can differ depending on the growth-altering stimulus. Still, with proper validation, protein measurements can provide high-precision growth estimates that allow extension of phenotypic growth-based assays closer to the limits of evolutionary selection

Zero temperature string breaking in lattice quantum chromodynamics

The separation of a heavy quark and antiquark pair leads to the formation of a tube of flux, or "string", which should break in the presence of light quark-antiquark pairs. This expected zero-temperature phenomenon has proven elusive in simulations of lattice QCD. We study mixing between the string state and the two-meson decay channel in QCD with two flavors of dynamical sea quarks. We confirm that mixing is weak and find that it decreases at level crossing. While our study does not show direct effects of internal quark loops, our results, combined with unitarity, give clear confirmation of string breaking.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures. With small clarifications and two additions to references. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

An accelerated access pathway for innovative high-risk medical devices under the new European Union Medical Devices and health technology assessment regulations?:Analysis and recommendations

Introduction: The new European Union (EU) Regulations for medical devices (MDs) and health technology assessment (HTA) are welcome developments that will hopefully increase the quality of clinical evidence for MDs and reduce fragmentation in the EU market access process. To fully exploit anticipated benefits, their respective assessment processes should be closely coordinated, particularly for promising, highly innovative MDs. Accelerated approval is worth exploring for certain categories of high-risk MDs to keep the EU regulatory process competitive compared to ad-hoc accelerated MD approval processes elsewhere (e.g., US). Areas covered: Problems observed in worldwide accelerated drug and MD regulatory approval programs are reviewed, including greater uncertainty in pre-market clinical evidence generation and lack of oversight for post-approval evidence requirements. Implications for MD approval, HTA and coverage are explored. Expert opinion: Through analysis of two decades of drug and MD accelerated approval programs worldwide, recommendations for an Accelerated Access Pathway for select innovative, high-risk MDs are proposed that can fit the EU context, leverage the two new regulations, increase opportunities for Expert Panels to provide timely advice regarding manufacturers’ evidence generation plans along the MD lifecycle (pre-, post-market), and safely speed patient access while promoting increased collaboration among Member States on coverage decisions.</p

Economics methods in Cochrane systematic reviews of health promotion and public health related interventions.

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