The role of trade unions in sport - the essence, features and perspectives

Trade unions play an important role in organizing activities in the field of labour law, although some representatives of the doctrine believe that the ruling powers of trade unions are in fact administrative in nature. The role of trade unions is important in all sectors of the economy, including sports. In many European countries, trade unions in sport play a key role in ensuring that players’ right are respected. The potential of trade unions in Poland is still not fully used. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of trade unions in sport by determining their features and perspectives, in particular taking into account the extension of the subjective scope of the coalition right after the amendment to the Trade Unions Act. The deliberations will lead to an answer to the question: Is it finally time for trade unions in the professional sport sector or is it still a distant perspective? The article uses the dogmatic and legal method, and also indicates foreign solutions in relation to the comparative method. The considerations present legal solutions in the USA, England and the Netherlands. The deliberations concern both labor law and sports law. The main conclusion from the conducted research is that there are formal and legal possibilities for trade unions to play a more important role in the medium and long term, however, there is no specific entity or group of entities that would be really interested in their development, both among the athletes themselves as well as in sports clubs and Polish sports associations or the Ministry of Sport

D R A F T Smooth Conditional Transition Paths in Dynamical Gaussian Networks

Abstract. We propose an algorithm for determining optimal transition paths between given configurations of systems consisting of many objects. It is based on the Principle of Least Action and variational equations for Freidlin-Wentzell action functionals in Gaussian networks set-up. We use our method to construct a system controlling motion and redeployment between unit's formations. Another application of the algorithm allows a realistic transformation between two sequences of character animations in a virtual environment. The efficiency of the algorithm has been evaluated in a simple sandbox environment implemented with the use of the NVIDIA CUDA technology

Influence of vagus nerve traction on perinatal cervix maturity and on the occurrence of spontaneous labor in female primiparous in physiological pregnancy

Objective: Operational aim: To assess the impact of vagal nerve traction on perinatal maturity of the cervix, among female primiparous in physiological pregnancy. Cognitive aim: Evaluation of the influence of vagus nerve traction on the occurrence of spontaneous labor in primiparous women in physiological pregnancy. Moreover, it was assumed that the technique of traction on the cervical intervertebral spaces between the base of the occipital bone (C0) and the first cervical vertebra (C1) will release and optimize the functioning of the vagus nerve, and consequently accelerate perinatal maturation of the cervix, thus favorably preinducing the delivery. Method: In the research work, the comparative studies were the operational basis, and they were also cross-sectional studies, which consisted of observation. An objective tool – the Bishop scale - was used in the examination of the perinatal cervix maturity. 70 women with physiological pregnancy, 39 + 0 Hbd were qualified for the analysis. Results: The comparative analysis of the subjects showed a statistically significant differentiation in the evaluation of the cervical maturity in favor of GE women, which additionally gave birth closer to the date. Similarly, in the area of opening parameters, shortening of the cervix and the position of the leading point, women performed better on the background of the GK. Conclusion: In comparative studies, it was revealed that traction of the vagus nerve accelerates perinatal maturity of the cervix and spontaneous systolic function occurred closer to the planned date of delivery. The traction of the vagus nerve has a significant impact on the parameter of shortening, opening and lowering of the point of the leading cervix in assessing its perinatal maturity

Crucial factors for improving the ISO 14001 environmental management system

The practice of using environmental management systems (EMS) ISO 14001 at the organisational level indicates that the efficacy of such solutions depends on many factors, both endogenous and exogenous in nature. This article aims to identify the fac- tors that determine the opportunities for the improvement of EMS in organisations, the analysis of the relationship between the factors and the classification of the factors due to their role in the system improvement. The structural analysis was used to classify and identify the key factors and then to categorize these factors into five groups. Finally, the role of these key factors in improving environmental management systems was exam- ined. Based on the findings, guidelines can be offered to both scholars and practitioners regarding the factors crucial for the improvement of the EMS. Aiming to add value to the existing literature, the structural analysis was adapted to classification and identification of the key factors. From the point of view of practitioners, it seems to be very profitable to concentrate on the crucial factors during the process of EMS improvement

Pracownik, artysta czy prekariusz — w poszukiwaniu protoplasty e-sportowca na kanwie prawa pracy

Nowadays, e-sport is gaining importance. It is an important sector of the modern economy in which thousands of people find employment. In the current legal system, there is no contract dedicated to the needs of modern e-sport in terms of employment. E-sportsmen can use: an employment contract, a civil law contract, and a contract concluded as part of their own business. The goals of this article are: to examine the nature of employment in sport and in particular, to try to find the ancestor of an e-athlete based on labor law.W ostatnich dekadach e-sport zyskuje na znaczeniu. Jest to ważny sektor współczesnej gospodarki, w którym pracę znajdują tysiące osób. W obecnym stanie prawnym brak jest umowy dedykowanej potrzebom współczesnego e-sportu w zakresie zatrudnienia. E-sportowcy mogą zatem korzystać zarówno z umowy o pracę, umowy cywilnoprawnej, jak i umowy zawieranej w ramach własnej działalności gospodarczej. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie charakteru zatrudnienia w sporcie, a w szczególności ma podjąć próbę wskazania protoplasty e-sportowca na kanwie prawa pracy

Appeal From Termination Of The Employment Contract – Practical Remarks

Odwołanie od wypowiedzenia umowy o pracę jest podstawowym pismem wszczynającym postępowanie ze sporów z zakresu indywidualnego prawa pracy. Przepisy zarówno kodeksu pracy, jak i kodeksu postępowania cywilnego zawierają pewne odrębności i wyłączenia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych uwag o charakterze praktycznym dotyczących: terminu na złożenie odwołania od wypowiedzenia umowy o pracę, elementów formalnych takiego odwołania, katalogu możliwych roszczeń, wartości przedmiotu sporu i związanej z tym opłaty sądowej oraz wpływu przewlekłości postępowań sądowych na decyzje procesowe.An appeal from termination of the employment contract is the basic writ initiating proceedings in disputes in the field of individual labor law. The provisions of both the Labor Code and the Code of Civil Procedure contain certain differences and exclusions. The purpose of this article is to present selected practical remarks concerning: the deadline for submitting an appeal from termination of an employment contract, the formal elements of such an appeal, the catalog of possible claims, the value of the dispute and the related court fee, and the impact of excessive length of court proceedings on procedural decision

Umowa o pracę sportową

W pracy doktorskiej "Umowa o pracę sportową" szczegółowo zostały przeanalizowane prawnie możliwe podstawy zatrudnienia sportowca (umowy cywilnoprawne, umowa o pracę, prowadzenie własnej działalności gospodarczej) oraz porównane zostały regulacje federacji sportowych oraz polskich związków sportowych z prawem powszechnie obowiązującym. W szczególności praca doktorska ma na celu przedstawienie odpowiedzi na dwa fundamentalne pytania, po pierwsze, czy w realiach XXI wieku sportowiec może skutecznie świadczyć swoją pracę na podstawie umowy o pracę w jej obecnym brzmieniu oraz czy zasadne, a być może nawet konieczne, jest wprowadzenie nowego rodzaju umowy tzw.umowy o pracę sportową, która dedykowana byłaby profesjonalnym sportowcom

Work-life balance among athletes

The application of the work-life balance conception has become increasingly popular in recent years. This conception draws not only from legal solutions, but from psychological sciences and those related to human resources management. In the field of labour law, the instruments used may be, inter alia, rights related to parenthood (maternity, paternity, parental and extended parental leave), the use of fixed-term contracts or part-time employment, the use of individual working time schedules, the use of task-based schedules, equivalent or intermittent working time, telework regulations, variable work start and end times. However, employment in professional sports is atypical. The very essence of providing sports work is different from the essence of performing both office and industrial work. It consists in the provision of a special type of work of a multiple nature aimed at maximising the performance of athletes, carried out for profit. The athlete’s ability to achieve success results from the effect of actions taken as part of the employment relationship with the club as well as from leisure activities. Such activities include preparing appropriate meals, keeping a balanced diet, refraining from an unhealthy lifestyle and from the use of unauthorised substances, not using drugs that could be considered doping, taking care of proper regeneration and rest, and refraining from betting on matches in the practiced sport discipline. Herein, firstly, the characteristics of sports work was presented and, secondly, the possibilities of using work-life balance tools in shaping everyday sports work were analysed. The paper analyses the phenomenon of blurring personal and professional lives among athletes. The main conclusion of the paper is the inability to effectively guarantee a work-life balance among athletes, and that athletes can effectively use legal tools of WLB only if they simultaneously perform services or work elsewhere. The paper uses a dogmatic and legal method (analysis of the literature on the subject, analysis of normative acts) and the results of research carried out by the author, i.e. a survey addressed at professional athlete

An order issued to an athlete as an employee under Article 100 §\S 1 of the Labor Code

The performance of sports work by athletes is a performance of specific kind of work. In Polish legal system, there is no basis for the employment adjusted to the particularities of sport, which is why athletes have to resort to the provisions of the Civil Code and/or the provisions of the Labor Code. The purpose of the article is to present the significance and nature of the official order given to an athlete, taking into account the specifics of performing this profession. In particular, the purpose of the study consist in the answer to the question: whether an official order can concern player's private sphere, taking into account that the implications for each player's form are directly or indirectly derived from it? The article also presents the most important court rulings in the area of labor law. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that it is possible to issue business order to an employee-athlete, which concerns the employee's behavior in his free time, as long as they have some relationship with the proper performance of employee duties