Effect of Contact Pesticides on Vine Mealybug Parasitoids, Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Anagyrus species near pseudococci (Girault) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae) are well-known mealybug parasitoids. Both are proven biological control agents of Planococcus ficus(Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in vineyards. These parasitoids are affected by some pesticides used for thecontrol of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and P. ficus in vineyards. To establish which of the vineyard pesticidesis more toxic to parasitoids, pesticide bioassays were carried in the laboratory using adult and pupal parasitoids.Fipronil and α-cypermethrin caused significant acute toxicity of both parasitoids. Low mortality was recorded forall these pesticides for parasitoids emerging from mummies indicating that the mummy case was an effective barrierto pesticides for parasitoids. Buprofezin, mancozeb and an insecticidal soap were not toxic to parasitoids in bothbioassays. Some pesticides have far-reaching negative impacts on parasitoids of orchard and vineyard arthropodpests. A refinement on pest management strategies regarding method and timing of application of pesticides whereparasitoids constitute part of the pest management program is essential

Impact of Botanical Extracts on Weight Gain and Abdominal Fat Content in Broiler Chickens

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of four levels of a botanical extract, PhytExponen

Association between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the vine mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in table-grape vineyards in Eastern Spain

[EN] BACKGROUNDThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a key pest of grapevine in the Mediterranean Basin. Some honeydew collecting ant species are known to increase mealybug populations in other grape-growing regions. However, there is scarce information on either the ant species present in Mediterranean vineyards or their impact on mealybugs. We conducted a study in four commercial vineyards in Eastern Spain in order to i) identify the ant species foraging on the vine canopies, ii) study the association among ant activity, vine mealybug abundance and fruit damage, and iii) test a novel method for ant management, distracting ants from guarding vine mealybugs by providing sugar dispensers. RESULTSWe recorded three ant species native to the Mediterranean foraging on the vine canopies: Lasius grandis (Forel), Pheidole pallidula (Nylander) and Plagiolepis schmitzii (Forel). The mean percentage of damaged fruits per vine was positively correlated with the number of vine mealybugs captured in traps placed at the trunk. We detected a positive but weak relationship between ant activity, vine mealybug abundance and fruit damage. The provisioning of sugar dispensers reduced the number of ants foraging on the vines by 23.4% although this reduction was not statistically significant. Vine mealybug abundance was significantly reduced (72%) after sugar provisioning. CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that the ant species native to vineyards in eastern Spain induce population increases of the vine mealybug. Moreover, the provisioning of sugars can be a valuable tool for ant management and mealybug control. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical IndustryWe are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their comments. This research was supported by the European grants FP7-IAPP #324475 'Colbics' and FP7-IRSES #612566 'Biomodics'.Beltrà Ivars, A.; Navarro Campos, C.; Calabuig Gomar, A.; Estopa, L.; Wäckers, F.; Pekas, A.; Soto Sánchez, AI. (2017). Association between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the vine mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in table-grape vineyards in Eastern Spain. Pest Management Science. 73(12):2473-2480. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4640S247324807312Ramzi, M., Kaouthar, G.-L., Pompeo, S., Gaetana, M., & Agatino, R. (2017). Key scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of high economic importance in a Mediterranean area: host plants, bio-ecological characteristics, natural enemies and pest management strategies – a review. Plant Protection Science, 53(No. 1), 1-14. doi:10.17221/53/2016-ppsDaane, K. M., Almeida, R. P. P., Bell, V. A., Walker, J. T. S., Botton, M., Fallahzadeh, M., … Zaviezo, T. (2012). Biology and Management of Mealybugs in Vineyards. 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A agrobiodiversidade funcional na viticultura da região demarcada do Douro: utopia ou realidade? Os artrópodes como caso de estudo - Revisão

Aiming to reduce the losses of biodiversity and the degradation of associated ecosystem services, the United Nations established the 2011-2020 period as the UN Decade on Biodiversity. During this period, the countries involved compromised on implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The argument is that biological diversity underpins the functioning of ecosystems and the provision of services essential to human well-being, further contributing to economic development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The purpose of this review is to present results of research and academic works carried out over several years in the Douro Demarcated Region in the field of functional agrobiodiversity, understood as the part of ecosystem biodiversity that provides ecosystem services, which support sustainable agricultural production and can also bring benefits to the regional and global environment and to society as a whole. Such studies specifically aimed to contribute knowledge about the diversity of arthropods in the vineyard ecosystem and about practices that can increase their abundance, diversity and services provided. In this context, a general characterization of the arthropod community identified in the vineyard ecosystem is conducted, complemented by information on the role played, by the taxonomic groups identified. The importance of increasing arthropod populations, the vegetation of vineyard slopes, and the existence of shrubs, forests and hedgerows next to the vineyards is discussed. The fundamental role of soil management practices is also referred, namely that of ground cover and the application of compost from winery wastes in the abundance and diversity of these organisms populations. Finally, bearing in mind the importance of the use of this information by vine growers, the measures taken for its dissemination are also presentedRESUMO - Com o objetivo de reduzir a perda de biodiversidade e a degradação dos serviços ecossistémicos associados, as Nações Unidas estabeleceram o período 2011-2020 como a Década da Biodiversidade. Durante este período, os países envolvidos comprometeram-se a implementar o Plano Estratégico para a Biodiversidade, incluindo as Metas de Biodiversidade de Aichi. O argumento é o de que a diversidade biológica sustenta o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e a provisão de serviços essenciais ao bem-estar humano, contribuindo ainda para o desenvolvimento económico e a concretização dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio. A presente revisão tem por objetivo apresentar resultados obtidos no decurso de projetos de investigação e trabalhos académicos, desenvolvidos ao longo de vários anos na Região Demarcada do Douro, no domínio da agrobiodiversidade funcional, entendida como a parte da biodiversidade dos ecossistemas que faculta serviços essenciais à produção agrícola sustentável e que também pode proporcionar benefícios ambientais à escala regional e global e à sociedade em geral. Com estas atividades pretendeu-se, mais especificamente, obter conhecimento sobre a diversidade de artrópodes existentes no ecossistema vitivinícola e sobre práticas capazes de incrementarem a sua abundância, diversidade e serviços facultados. No contexto referido, procede-se a uma caracterização geral da comunidade de artrópodes identificados no ecossistema vitivinícola, complementada com informação sobre o papel desempenhado pelos diferentes grupos taxonómicos identificados. Discute-se a importância, no incremento das populações de artrópodes, da vegetação dos taludes da vinha, e da existência de matos, florestas e sebes na sua proximidade. Também se refere o papel fundamental desempenhado, na abundância e diversidade das populações destes organismos, das práticas de condução do solo, designadamente do enrelvamento e da aplicação de compostados provenientes dos resíduos da adega. Finalmente, e tendo em atenção a importância do uso desta informação pelos viticultores, apresentam-se as iniciativas que têm sido usadas na sua divulgaçãoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

How a slow-ovipositing parasitoid can succed as a biological control agent of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus: implications for future classical and conservation biological control programs

[EN] Phenaccocus peruvianus Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug that has become a pest of ornamental plants in Europe and has recently been detected in California, USA. In this work, we studied the tritrophic interaction among this mealybug, its main parasitoid Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and tending ants to disclose the success of this parasitoid controlling P. peruvianus. Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois accepted mealybugs for parasitism regardless of their size but did not hostfeed. We recorded three active defenses of P. peruvianus. Host handling time-consuming process that required more than 30 min. Tending ants, Lasius grandis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), reduced the time spent by parasitoids in a patch and disrupted oviposition attempts. The low numbers of ants tending mealybugs colonies in Spain and France could explain why this parasitoid, with a long handling time, is an efficient biological control agent for P. peruvianus.Beltrà Ivars, A.; Soto Sánchez, AI.; Tena Barreda, A. (2015). How a slow-ovipositing parasitoid can succed as a biological control agent of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus: implications for future classical and conservation biological control programs. BioControl. 60(4):473-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-015-9663-6S473484604Arakelian G (2013) Bougainvillea mealybug (Phenacoccus peruvianus). Factsheet 2013. County of Los Angeles. Department of agricultural commissioner/weights and measures, USABartlett BR (1961) The influence of ants upon parasites, predators, and scale insects. Ann Entomol Soc Am 54:543–551Bartlett BR (1978) Pseudococcidae. In: Clausen CP (ed) Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review, 1st edn. 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Effect of contact pesticides on vine mealybug parasitoids, Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The original publication is available at http://www.sasev.org/.Anagyrus species near pseudococci (Girault) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are well-known mealybug parasitoids. Both are proven biological control agents of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in vineyards. These parasitoids are affected by some pesticides used for the control of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and P. ficus in vineyards. To establish which of the vineyard pesticides is more toxic to parasitoids, pesticide bioassays were carried in the laboratory using adult and pupal parasitoids. Fipronil and α-cypermethrin caused significant acute toxicity of both parasitoids. Low mortality was recorded for all these pesticides for parasitoids emerging from mummies indicating that the mummy case was an effective barrier to pesticides for parasitoids. Buprofezin, mancozeb and an insecticidal soap were not toxic to parasitoids in both bioassays. Some pesticides have far-reaching negative impacts on parasitoids of orchard and vineyard arthropod pests. A refinement on pest management strategies regarding method and timing of application of pesticides where parasitoids constitute part of the pest management program is essential.Publishers' versio

The relationship between ants (Hymenoptera: formicidae), vine mealybug (Hemiptera: pseudococcidae) and parasitoids in vineyards of the Western Cape Province, South Africa

Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.The mutual association between honeydew foraging ants and vine mealybugs in vineyards is detrimental to the biological control of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret). This study investigated the relationship between ants, vine mealybugs and their parasitoids to improve biological control of the vine mealybug. The investigation was carried out during two consecutive growing seasons (2005-2006 and 2006-2007) in two major wine grape growing areas of the Western Cape Province, Simondium (two farms) and Breede River Valley (one farm). A presence – absence cluster sampling system was used on a biweekly basis throughout both growing seasons from October to February on each of the farms. Additionally, yellow delta traps with vine mealybug pheromone, were used to catch parasitoids in vineyards. Prior to harvest, economic damage to grape bunches was assessed using a 0-3 damage rating index. Three ant species, Anoplolepis steingroeveri (Forel), Crematogaster peringueyi Emery and Linepithema humile (Mayr) foraged mainly on vine stems during both seasons, relative to other plant parts. Vine mealybugs of all stages were found on all sampling dates. Three species of primary parasitoids attacked the vine mealybug, including Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault), Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard. Bunch damage was significantly different between seasons in the Breede River Valley but not in Simondium. There was a negative linear relationship between ants and parasitoid activity in all vineyards. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) was used to analyse spatial distribution of ants and parasitoids and ArcView, with its extension, Spatial Analyst, were used to map the gap, patch and local association indices where significant association and disassociation occurred. A significant association was found between C. peringueyi and parasitoids and L. humile and parasitoids. There was a significant disassociation between L. humile and C. peringueyi and between A. steingroeveri and C. peringueyi indicating interspecific hostility

Spatial distribution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), vine mealybugs and mealybug parasitoids in vineyards

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Improving ant management in vineyards: How damaging are they and when should they be controlled?

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The development of an action threshold for ants in vineyards. Progress Report for DFPT and Winetech.

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