Methods to Analyse Sensory Profiling Data - A Comparison

The analysis of sensory profiling demands skillful statistical methods to account for different variations that are unknown in other statistical appliances. Besides others, these are the different use of the descriptors by the assessors and the different use of the scales. The two most important approaches to cope with such data are given by Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and STATIS. Recently, for the latter one several variants have been proposed in order to either simplify the calculation or to improve the results. The aim of this paper is to compare these methods with respect to their performance. For this purpose, a model will be stated to describe the outcomes of a sensory profiling study. On the basis of this model, we give a short insight into the ideas of the methods under consideration, and simulations to compare these methods are realised. From those, systematical differences between the methods occur. Finally, a comparison between the methods with respect to the interpretation of the estimated consensuses is given by means of graphically displaying the outcomes. It will be found that the choice of the method is accidental and can be made according to the simplicity of use for each operator

Dynamic texture perception in plant-based yogurt alternatives: Identifying temporal drivers of liking by TDS

As texture properties in novel food categories have a crucial role in consumer acceptance, mouthfeel profile of different plant-based yogurt-like semi-solid products were studied and compared to dairy yogurts. Mouthfeel properties of five plant-based yogurt-like products and two dairy yogurts were analyzed using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) with consumers (n = 87). The attributes evaluated were thick, thin, creamy, watery, sticky, and foamy. Following TDS, overall liking and mouthfeel liking were evaluated using a 7-point hedonic scale. Temporal drivers of mouthfeel liking were studied using correspondence analysis and penalty-lift analysis with different time points during mastication. For penalty-lift analysis TDS data was analyzed as check-all-that apply (CATA) data. Results from the present work show that mouthfeel perception in non-dairy yogurt alternatives is a dynamic process. Attributes typically used to describe dairy yogurts are also relevant for describing non-dairy yogurt alternatives. Yogurt alternatives and dairy yogurts can be similar and equally liked by their mouthfeel profile. Temporal drivers of liking in plant-based products are thickness and creaminess and temporal drivers of disliking are thinness and wateriness. In this study, the first dominant attributes were found to have a stronger impact on mouthfeel liking than the dominant attributes perceived later during mastication.Peer reviewe

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Logikarrays mit ultrakleinen magnetischen Tunnelelementen

Meyners D. Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Logikarrays mit ultrakleinen magnetischen Tunnelelementen. Bielefeld (Germany): Bielefeld University; 2006.Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Skalierbarkeit von Spinlogikgattern. Zentraler Baustein dieser rekonfigurierbaren, magnetischen Logikschaltungen sind ultrakleine, magnetoresistive Tunnelstrukturen (TMR-Strukturen) mit einer lateralen Ausdehnung im tiefen Submikrometerbereich. Ihr Einsatz in künftigen, logischen Bauteilen erscheint aufgrund der Nichtflüchtigkeit gespeicherter Information, der hohen Integrationsdichte, der Kompatibilität zum magnetischen Arbeitsspeicher (MRAM) und der schnellen Programmierbarkeit vielversprechend. Der im Zuge der Arbeit etablierte Herstellungsprozess fußt auf den Methoden der Elektronenstrahllithografie und umfasst bis zu acht Masken. Zu den Bedingungen, die an die Funktion der Gatter geknüpft sind, gehört eine geringe Streuung in den elektronischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Tunnelelemente. Aus der Vielzahl physikalischer Phänomene, die diese Eigenschaften maßgeblich beeinflussen können, erwächst die Aufgabe, die resultierende Streuung in der TMR-Effektamplitude, dem Tunnelwiderstand und dem magnetischen Schaltverhalten experimentell zu bemessen. Dies wird mit Zellpaarigkeitsuntersuchungen auf der Basis von Magnetotransportmessungen bewerkstelligt. Die untersuchten Tunnelschichtsysteme bestehen dabei neben elektrischen Zuleitungen aus der Schichtfolge MnIr 10.8/ CoFe 2.3/ Al 1...1.4 plasmaoxidiert/ NiFe 5 (Schichtdicken in nm) bzw. PtMn 25/ CoFe 3/ Ru 0.9/ CoFe 2.8/ Al 1.2 plasmaoxidiert/ CoFeB 4. Typischerweise zeigen die elliptischen Tunnelelemente mit einer lateralen Ausdehnung A < 0.03 µm hoch 2 eine relative Standardabweichung im Tunnelwiderstand von weniger als sechs Prozent und in der Effektamplitude von etwa 2 Prozent. Neben der Darstellung logischer Funktionen erlaubt das Design der Gatter auch die Charakterisierung einzelner TMR-Strukturen. Durch die Ummagnetisierung ihrer programmierbaren Elektroden mittels stromführender Leiterbahnen glückt so die Aufnahme magnetischer Schaltasteroiden. Diskrepanzen zwischen den Asteroiden der Submikrometerstrukturen (A = 0.02 µm hoch 2) und der Asteroide eines theoretischen Stoner-Wohlfarth-Teilchens wie der Versatz der Asteroidenzentren können durch mikromagnetische Simulationen auf die magnetische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Elektroden zurückgeführt werden. Ferner wird experimentell demonstriert, dass der Einsatz eines gepinnten, künstlichen Antiferromagneten PtMn/CoFe/Ru/CoFe in der Referenzelektrode diese magnetische Kopplung für den Anwendungszweck in hinreichender Weise vermindert. Diverse Layouts der Logikgatter mit einem Platzbedarf zwischen etwa 100×100 µm hoch 2 und weniger als 10×10 µm hoch 2 sind realisiert worden. Hierbei sind die elliptischen TMR-Strukturen mit 210 nm und 90 nm langen Hauptachsen die bislang kleinsten Tunnelelemente, die je in Logikgattern zum Einsatz gekommen sind. Der Betrieb einzelner Spinlogikgatter wird schlussendlich mit der Darstellung wechselnder logischer Funktionen demonstriert. Die Ansteuerung mit einer Taktfrequenz von 1 MHz wird hierbei von einem ASIC übernommen, der im Rahmen einer Kooperation bei der Siemens AG Corporate Technology in Erlangen entwickelt worden ist

Inverted spin polarization of Heusler alloys for new spintronic devices

A new magnetic logic overcomes the major limitations of field programmable gate arrays while having a 50% smaller unit cell than conventional designs utilizing magnetic tunnel junctions with one Heusler alloy electrode. These show positive and negative TMR values at different bias voltages at room temperature which generally adds an additional degree of freedom to all spintronic devices

Keberadaan Kasta Dalam Masyarakat Adat Di Sumba Timur Dalam Konteks Hak Asasi Manusia

Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahsa sistem Maramba/Ata (Raja/Budak)&nbsp; di Kampung Raja Prailiu sudah ada sejak zaman dahulu hingga saat ini, karna adanya sistem Maramba/Ata (Raja/Budak) sehingga adanya kontraversi dengan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Sistem Maramba/Ata (Raja/Budak) yang memiliki aturan dan mekanisme adat tersendiri sehingga belum adanya pembebasan Hak Asasi Manusia yang utuh dalam hal ini belum adanya kemerdekaan pikiran, hati nurani dan beragama. Keberadaan kasta ini masih sangat kental sehingga membuat pemerintah masih sangat sulit untuk merespon masyarakat adat dan membuat pemerintah masih kesulitan untuk melakukan penyuluhan kemasyarakat setempat

Thermodynamics of ligand binding to histone deacetylase like amidohydrolase from Bordetella/Alcaligenes

Thermodynamic studies on ligand–protein binding have become increasingly important in the process of drug design. In combination with structural data and molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic studies provide relevant information about the mode of interaction between compounds and their target proteins and therefore build a sound basis for further drug optimization. Using the example of histone deacetylases (HDACs), particularly the histone deacetylase like amidohydrolase (HDAH) from Bordetella/Alcaligenes, a novel sensitive competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based binding assay was developed and the thermodynamics of interaction of both fluorescent ligands and inhibitors to histone deacetylase like amidohydrolase were investigated. The assay consumes only small amounts of valuable target proteins and is suitable for fast kinetic and mechanistic studies as well as high throughput screening applications. Binding affinity increased with increasing length of aliphatic spacers (n?=?4–7) between the hydroxamate moiety and the dansyl head group of ligand probes. Van't Hoff plots revealed an optimum in enthalpy contribution to the free energy of binding for the dansyl-ligand with hexyl spacer. The selectivity in the series of dansyl-ligands against human class I HDAC1 but not class II HDACs 4 and 6 increased with the ratio of deltaH0/deltaG0. The data clearly emphasize the importance of thermodynamic signatures as useful general guidance for the optimization of ligands or rational drug design

Sputter Deposited Magnetostrictive Layers for SAW Magnetic Field Sensors

For the best possible limit of detection of any thin film-based magnetic field sensor, the functional magnetic film properties are an essential parameter. For sensors based on magnetostrictive layers, the chemical composition, morphology and intrinsic stresses of the layer have to be controlled during film deposition to further control magnetic influences such as crystallographic effects, pinning effects and stress anisotropies. For the application in magnetic surface acoustic wave sensors, the magnetostrictive layers are deposited on rotated piezoelectric single crystal substrates. The thermomechanical properties of quartz can lead to undesirable layer stresses and associated magnetic anisotropies if the temperature increases during deposition. With this in mind, we compare amorphous, magnetostrictive FeCoSiB films prepared by RF and DC magnetron sputter deposition. The chemical, structural and magnetic properties determined by elastic recoil detection, X-ray diffraction, and magneto-optical magnetometry and magnetic domain analysis are correlated with the resulting surface acoustic wave sensor properties such as phase noise level and limit of detection. To confirm the material properties, SAW sensors with magnetostrictive layers deposited with RF and DC deposition have been prepared and characterized, showing comparable detection limits below 200 pT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz. The main benefit of the DC deposition is achieving higher deposition rates while maintaining similar low substrate temperatures

Tunnel Magnetoresistance Sensors with Magnetostrictive Electrodes: Strain Sensors

Magnetostrictive tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors pose a bright perspective in micro- and nano-scale strain sensing technology. The behavior of TMR sensors under mechanical stress as well as their sensitivity to the applied stress depends on the magnetization configuration of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ)s with respect to the stress axis. Here, we propose a configuration resulting in an inverse effect on the tunnel resistance by tensile and compressive stresses. Numerical simulations, based on a modified Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model, are performed in order to understand the magnetization reversal of the sense layer and to find out the optimum bias magnetic field required for high strain sensitivity. At a bias field of -3.2 kA/m under a 0.2 × 10$^{-3}$ strain, gauge factors of 2294 and -311 are calculated under tensile and compressive stresses, respectively. Modeling results are investigated experimentally on a round junction with a diameter of 30 ± 0.2 μm using a four-point bending apparatus. The measured field and strain loops exhibit nearly the same trends as the calculated ones. Also, the gauge factors are in the same range. The junction exhibits gauge factors of 2150 ± 30 and -260 for tensile and compressive stresses, respectively, under a -3.2 kA/m bias magnetic field. The agreement of the experimental and modeling results approves the proposed configuration for high sensitivity and ability to detect both tensile and compressive stresses by a single TMR sensor