An evaluation on the landscape design and user satisfaction of Fetihpasha grove

Sanayinin gelişmesi ile beraber arazi üzerinde insan etkisinin en fazla olduğu alanlar kentler olmuştur. Kentler yapılar ve yollar ile büyürken yeşil alanlar göz ardı edilmiş bunun sonucunda insanlar doğadan uzaklaşmışlardır. Kentlerde doğal ortamlardan kopan insanlar kentten uzaklaşmak, doğa ile iç içe vakit geçirmek gibi isteklere yönelmiştir. Bu çalışmada Üsküdar’da yer alan Fetihpaşa Korusu kent parkı kullanım işlevleri ve kullanıcıların beklentilerinin belirlenmesi açısından irdelenmiştir. Fetihpaşa Korusu tarihi 1850 yıllarına dayanan bir alan olarak günümüzde kent parkı işlevi görmektedir. Çalışmada arazi gözlemleri yanısıra 384 kişiyle 16 sorudan oluşan anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda kullanıcı memnuniyeti ölçülmüş, alanın daha etkin kullanımına yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.With the development of the industry, cities have been the areas with the greatest human impact on the land. As cities grow with structures and roads, green areas have been ignored, as a result, people have moved away from nature. In the cities, people moving away from the city and spending time in touch with nature so they have turned to requests such as natural environments. In this study, Fetihpasa Grove located in Uskudar has been examined in terms of urban park usage functions and determining the expectations of users. Fetihpasa Grove serves as an urban park today that dating back to 1850. In addition to the area observations, a survey consisting of 16 questions was conducted with 384 people. As a result of the study, user satisfaction was measured and suggestions for more effective use of the area were developed

Comparison of the marginal adaptation of direct and indirect composite inlay restorations with optical coherence tomography

Objective The purpose of the study was to use the photonic imaging modality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to compare the marginal adaptation of composite inlays fabricated by direct and indirect techniques. Material and Methods Class II cavities were prepared on 34 extracted human molar teeth. The cavities were randomly divided into two groups according to the inlay fabrication technique. The first group was directly restored on cavities with a composite (Esthet X HD, Dentsply, Germany) after isolating. The second group was indirectly restored with the same composite material. Marginal adaptations were scanned before cementation with an invisible infrared light beam of OCT (Thorlabs), allowing measurement in 200 µm intervals. Restorations were cemented with a self-adhesive cement resin (SmartCem2, Dentsply), and then marginal adaptations were again measured with OCT. Mean values were statistically compared by using independent-samples t-test and paired samples t-test (

Meme kanserinin tanısı ve izlenmesi için mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntüleme

Termoakustik görüntüleme, iyonize etkisi olmayan, noktasal ve kontrast çözünürlüğü yüksek yeni bir hibrit görüntüleme modalitesi olup kanserinin erken tanısı ve izlenmesi için uygun bir tekniktir. Bu teknik bilimsel, teknolojik ve ticari potansiyeli olan henüz klinik bir araç haline gelmemiş bir güncel bir konudur. ‘’Meme Kanserinin Tanısı ve İzlenmesi İçin Mikrodalga Uyarımlı Termoakustik Görüntüleme’’ adlı bu projede mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntüleme (MUTAG) sisteminin gelişmiş yerli alt yapısı oluşturulmuştur. MUTAG sisteminde görüntülenmek istenen ortamı aydınlatması için mikrodalga darbe üreteci-kuvvetlendirici ünitesi tamamlanmış ve karakterizasyon ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Standart mikrodalga antenin hava-su arasındaki empadans uyumsuzluğu problemi, literatürden farklı olarak tamamen su içinde çalışan mikrodalga anten tasarlanıp gerçekleştirilerek çözülmüştür. Bilgisayar kontrollü deneysel xyz-yönlü konumlandırma-tarama ünitesi tamamlanmış test edilmiştir. Alt üniteler birlikte kullanılarak, deneysel termoakustik işaret toplanmış ve böylece mikrodalga uyarımlı termoakustik görüntü elde edilmiştir. Termoakustik görüntüleme için yüksek görüntü çözünürlüğü veren, maliyeti düşük, katmanlı doku yapısı için yeni kuramsal ve sayısal çözümleme teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, termoakustik dalga denkleminin çözümünde, meme dokusu katmanlı olarak modellenmiştir. Yansımasız ideal sınır koşulları yerine daha gerçekçi olan katmanlar üzerinde süreklilik sınır koşulları kullanılmıştır. Termoakustik dalga denkleminin çok katmanlı silindirik ve düzlemsel doku yapısı için ileri ve ters analitik çözümleri elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çok katmanlı yapılar için sayısal olarak benzetimi yapılmıştır. Meme dokusunun kesit taramasında termoakustik sinyali alacak olan transduser geliştirmede ön empadans uyumlama ve arka yansıma sönümlendirme katmanları tasarım ve uygulama çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Bunun sonucunda %60oransal bant genişliğine sahip 1MHz’lik bir biyomedikal transduser elemanı yapılarak, deneysel testleri tamamlanmıştır. Daha sonra laboratuvar ortamında mevcut bilgisayar kontrollü deneysel konumlandırma-kesit tarama ünitesine ek olarak memenin içine sığabileceği silindirik hazne (açısal ve dikey) kullanılarak tarama sistemi tamamlanmıştır. Kesit tarama yapabilecek çokelemanlı halka transduser dizisi ve tarama sisteminin entegre edileceği platform ulusal kaynaklarla üretilmiştir.Thermoacoustic imaging is a new hybrid imaging modality with no ionization effect, high point and contrast resolution and is a suitable technique for early detection and monitoring of cancer. This technique is an up-to-date issue that has not yet become a clinical tool with scientific, technological and commercial potential. ‘’Microwave Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-up ''This project has developed a developed localinfra-structure of microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MUTAG) system.The microwave pulse generator-amplifier unit was completed and characterization measurements were made to illuminate the desired environment in the MUTAG system. The problem of incompatibility of the standard microwave antenna between air and water has been solved by designing and realizing a microwave antenna completely working in water different from the literature. The computer-controlled experimental xyz-directional positioning-scanning unit has been tested for completeness. Using the sub units together, the experimental thermoacoustic signalswas collected and thus a thermoacoustic image with microwaveexcitation was obtained. New theoretical and numerical analysis techniques have been developed for low-cost,multi-layered tissuestructure, which gives high image resolution for thermoacoustic imaging. For this purpose, in the solution of the thermoacoustic wave equation, the breast tissue is modeled as multi-layered. More realistic continuity boundary conditionson layers are used instead of ideal non-reflective boundary conditions. Forward and inverse analytical solutions have been obtained of the thermoacoustic wave equationfor the multi-layered cylindrical and planar tissue structures. In addition, it is simulated numerically for multi-layer structures. The transducer, which will receive the thermoacoustic signal during the cross-section scan of the breast tissue, has been carried out to design and implement pre-empadance alignment and backingreflection damping layers. This resulted in a 1 MHz biomedical transduser with a 60% proportional bandwidth, and the experimental tests were completed. Then, in addition to the computer-controlled experimental positioning-section scanning unit available in the laboratory environment, the scanning system is completed using a cylindrical chamber (angular and vertical) in which breast can fit. The multi-componentring transducer array, which can scan cross-sections, and the platform to integrate the scanning system are manufactured with national resources.TÜBİTA

Obstrüktif uyku apneli ve horlayan erişkin erkek hastaların dentofasiyal özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu (OUAS) olan erişkin erkek hastaların kraniofasiyal morfolojik özellikleri değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 80 erkek hastanın (60 sefalogramları değerlendirildi. Bireyler Grup 1: horlama (AHİ5); Grup 2: hafif OUAS (5AHİ15); Grup 3: orta OUAS(15 AHİ30) ; Grup 4: şiddetli OUAS (AHİ30) olarak değerlendirildi. Sefalogramlar üzerinde hyoid, dil kökü ve yumuşak damak konumu, kranioservikal postür ve havayolu genişliğini belirleyen ölçümler yapıldı. Gruplar arasındaki farklar normal dağılım gösteren değişkenlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Duncan testiyle, normal dağılım göstermeyen değişkenlerde Kruskal düzeltmesi uygulanarak Mann Whitney U testiyle yapıld

Immunogenicity, safety and clinical outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

IntroductionThe mRNA-based BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine has been shown to elicit robust systemic immune response and confer substantial protection against the severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with a favorable safety profile in adolescents. However, no data exist regarding immunogenicity, reactogenicity and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this prospective observational cohort study, we examined the humoral immune responses and side effects induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, as well as, the rate and symptomatology of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections after completion of dual-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in adolescents with T1D and compared their data with those of healthy control adolescents. The new data obtained after the vaccination of adolescents with T1D could guide their further COVID-19 vaccination schedule.MethodsA total of 132 adolescents with T1D and 71 controls were enrolled in the study, of whom 81 COVID-19 infection-naive adolescents with T1D (patient group) and 40 COVID-19 infection-naive controls (control group) were eligible for the final analysis. The response of participants to the BNT162b2 vaccine was assessed by measuring their serum IgG antibodies to the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 4–6 weeks after the receipt of first and second vaccine doses. Data about the adverse events of the vaccine was collected after the receipt of each vaccine dose. The rate of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections was evaluated in the 6-month period following second vaccination.ResultsAfter vaccinations, adolescents with T1D and controls exhibited similar, highly robust increments in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers. All the participants in the patient and control groups developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers over 1,050 AU/ml after the second vaccine dose which is associated with a neutralizing effect. None of the participants experienced severe adverse events. The rate of breakthrough infections in the patient group was similar to that in the control group. Clinical symptomatology was mild in all cases.ConclusionOur findings suggest that two-dose BNT162b2 vaccine administered to adolescents with T1D elicits robust humoral immune response, with a favorable safety profile and can provide protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection similar to that in healthy adolescents

Comparison of the marginal adaptation of direct and indirect composite inlay restorations with optical coherence tomography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to use the photonic imaging modality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to compare the marginal adaptation of composite inlays fabricated by direct and indirect techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Class II cavities were prepared on 34 extracted human molar teeth. The cavities were randomly divided into two groups according to the inlay fabrication technique. The first group was directly restored on cavities with a composite (Esthet X HD, Dentsply, Germany) after isolating. The second group was indirectly restored with the same composite material. Marginal adaptations were scanned before cementation with an invisible infrared light beam of OCT (Thorlabs), allowing measurement in 200 µm intervals. Restorations were cemented with a self-adhesive cement resin (SmartCem2, Dentsply), and then marginal adaptations were again measured with OCT. Mean values were statistically compared by using independent-samples t-test and paired samples t-test (p<0.05), before and after cementation. RESULTS: Direct inlays presented statistically smaller marginal discrepancy values than indirect inlays, before (p=0.00001442) and after (p=0.00001466) cementation. Marginal discrepancy values were increased for all restorations after cementation (p=0.00008839, p=0.000000952 for direct and indirect inlays, respectively). The mean marginal discrepancy value of the direct group increased from 56.88±20.04 µm to 91.88±31.7 µm, whereas the indirect group increased from 107.54±35.63 µm to 170.29±54.83 µm. Different techniques are available to detect marginal adaptation of restorations, but the OCT system can give quantitative information about resin cement thickness and its interaction between tooth and restoration in a nondestructive manner. CONCLUSIONS: Direct inlays presented smaller marginal discrepancy than indirect inlays. The marginal discrepancy values were increased for all restorations that refer to cement thickness after cementation

The Mating Type Locus (MAT) and Sexual Reproduction of Cryptococcus heveanensis: Insights into the Evolution of Sex and Sex-Determining Chromosomal Regions in Fungi

Mating in basidiomycetous fungi is often controlled by two unlinked, multiallelic loci encoding homeodomain transcription factors or pheromones/pheromone receptors. In contrast to this tetrapolar organization, Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii have a bipolar mating system, and a single biallelic locus governs sexual reproduction. The C. neoformans MAT locus is unusually large (>100 kb), contains >20 genes, and enhances virulence. Previous comparative genomic studies provided insights into how this unusual MAT locus might have evolved involving gene acquisitions into two unlinked loci and fusion into one contiguous locus, converting an ancestral tetrapolar system to a bipolar one. Here we tested this model by studying Cryptococcus heveanensis, a sister species to the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex. An extant sexual cycle was discovered; co-incubating fertile isolates results in the teleomorph (Kwoniella heveanensis) with dikaryotic hyphae, clamp connections, septate basidia, and basidiospores. To characterize the C. heveanensis MAT locus, a fosmid library was screened with C. neoformans/C. gattii MAT genes. Positive fosmids were sequenced and assembled to generate two large probably unlinked MAT gene clusters: one corresponding to the homeodomain locus and the other to the pheromone/receptor locus. Strikingly, two divergent homeodomain genes (SXI1, SXI2) are present, similar to the bE/bW Ustilago maydis paradigm, suggesting one or the other homeodomain gene was recently lost in C. neoformans/C. gattii. Sequencing MAT genes from other C. heveanensis isolates revealed a multiallelic homeodomain locus and at least a biallelic pheromone/receptor locus, similar to known tetrapolar species. Taken together, these studies reveal an extant C. heveanensis sexual cycle, define the structure of its MAT locus consistent with tetrapolar mating, and support the proposed evolutionary model for the bipolar Cryptococcus MAT locus revealing transitions in sexuality concomitant with emergence of a pathogenic clade. These studies provide insight into convergent processes that independently punctuated evolution of sex-determining loci and sex chromosomes in fungi, plants, and animals