La «batalla» de Washington : la guerra civil española en los Estados Unidos

With the start of the Spanish civil war various war fronts opened fronts opened in the world that went beyond those in the homeland. Many of these fronts were stronger than weapons, and changing or amending legislation of a country was a very complicated task. This paper aims to show the struggle of the Spanish ambassador in Washington to obtain the repeal of the United States Neutrality Act that prevented the purchase of arms for the Republican government. This is don examining many Spanish and American sources, that provide an overview of the conflict from the perspectives of Ambassador De los Rios and the Roosevelt administration. Con el inicio de la guerra civil española se abrieron en el mundo diversos frentes de batalla que iban más allá de los que se producían en territorio patrio. Muchos de estos frentes eran más fuertes que las armas, y cambiar o modificar la legislación de un país era una tarea muy complicada. Este trabajo pretende mostrar la lucha que llevó a cabo el embajador de España en Washington para derogar la Ley de Neutralidad estadounidense que impedía la compra de armas para el gobierno republicano. Para ello se examinan fuentes tantos españolas como norteamericanas que aportarán una visión global del conflicto desde la perspectiva del embajador De los Ríos y de la administración Roosevelt

Gracias por estos 5 años

Editorial del número 9 de la Revista Historia Autónoma

Rompiendo fronteras: historiadores que abren nuevas vías. Diálogo con Juan Carlos Pereira y Carlos Sanz

Entrevista

La historia recordada

Editorial del número 8 de la Revista Historia Autónom

Variation in clutch size in relation to nest size in birds

© 2014 The Authors. Nests are structures built to support and protect eggs and/or offspring from predators, parasites, and adverse weather conditions. Nests are mainly constructed prior to egg laying, meaning that parent birds must make decisions about nest site choice and nest building behavior before the start of egg-laying. Parent birds should be selected to choose nest sites and to build optimally sized nests, yet our current understanding of clutch size-nest size relationships is limited to small-scale studies performed over short time periods. Here, we quantified the relationship between clutch size and nest size, using an exhaustive database of 116 slope estimates based on 17,472 nests of 21 species of hole and non-hole-nesting birds. There was a significant, positive relationship between clutch size and the base area of the nest box or the nest, and this relationship did not differ significantly between open nesting and hole-nesting species. The slope of the relationship showed significant intraspecific and interspecific heterogeneity among four species of secondary hole-nesting species, but also among all 116 slope estimates. The estimated relationship between clutch size and nest box base area in study sites with more than a single size of nest box was not significantly different from the relationship using studies with only a single size of nest box. The slope of the relationship between clutch size and nest base area in different species of birds was significantly negatively related to minimum base area, and less so to maximum base area in a given study. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that bird species have a general reaction norm reflecting the relationship between nest size and clutch size. Further, they suggest that scientists may influence the clutch size decisions of hole-nesting birds through the provisioning of nest boxes of varying sizes.Peer Reviewe

Retrato(s) de Manuel Pérez Ledesma

Para este número hemos decidido dar un enfoque diferente a la sección “Investigador invitado”. El pasado 15 de abril falleció Manuel Pérez Ledesma, catedrático del Departamento de Historia Contemporánea de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Durante su trayectoria dejó una profunda huella en la comunidad historiográfica. Además, Pérez Ledesma fue profesor de varios miembros del equipo de la revista y, como tal, ejerció un activo papel en nuestra formación como historiadores. De hecho, nos consta que mientras su salud se lo permitió se interesó por el desarrollo de esta publicación. Por todos estos motivos nos gustaría rendirle nuestro particular homenaje. Para ello, vamos a dar voz a cuatro investigadores que, de un modo u otro, tuvieron alguna relación con el profesor Pérez Ledesma. Serán ellos, a partir de sus testimonios, quienes nos inviten a acercarnos a su figura y hagan un cuidadoso retrato de su person

La aplicación del método de Costos ABC, como instrumento de control y toma de decisiones en las empresas textiles, bajo el régimen de zonas francas industriales y de comercialización, ubicadas en la zona franca de San Bartolo.

Las actividades de producción son muy importantes ya que contribuyen al crecimiento económico, una manera para que éste crecimiento se origine es que el país brinde incentivos que favorezcan a los inversionistas para desarrollar sus empresas y como contrapartida ellos brindar empleos a los habitantes. Éste es el fin que tiene la creación de leyes enfocadas a fomentar el comercio, una de ellas y la que se toma con mayor importancia en la investigación, es la Ley de Zonas Francas Industriales y de Comercialización que tiene como objeto principal regular el funcionamiento de las antes mencionadas, así como definir los beneficios y responsabilidades de los titulares de empresas que desarrollen, administren o usen las mismas. En El Salvador existen diversidad de zonas francas distribuidas geográficamente a nivel nacional donde se aglomeran un sin fin de empresas dedicadas a diferentes actividades comerciales, el símbolo más antiguo de éstas es la primer zona franca habilitada en el país cuyo nombre es Zona Franca San Bartolo ubicada en el cantón de Ilopango, antiguamente ésta zona franca era considerada una de las mejores por su excelente ubicación geográfica, tanto a nivel nacional como centroamericano ya que se encuentra en el corazón de América, su acceso a la carretera Panamericana que recorre casi totalmente todo el continente, acceso al Océano Pacífico y su cercanía con Estados Unidos en relación a otros países que se encuentran más alejados de éste. Con la creación de nuevas zonas francas y mejoramiento de infraestructura se fue debilitando su nivel. El Salvador está estratégicamente ubicado para facilitar las exportaciones a diferentes países. Dentro de la Zona Franca San Bartolo la mayoría de sus usuarios son empresas que se dedican al área textil y confección las cuales manejan gran cantidad de actividades internas, tanto de producción, venta y administración. Para poder controlar todas éstas actividades es necesario que cuenten con procesos, herramientas, métodos que permitan determinar los costos de cada actividad, una de éstas formas es la aplicación de la contabilidad de costos ya que permite determinar con precisión los procesos que se efectúan, la información proporcionada por la contabilidad de costos es eficaz y fiable permitiendo tomar decisiones que aseguran la continuidad de la empresa, además permite optimizar recursos y valorar procesos. La investigación trata de ejemplificar a través del diseño de un sistema que permita determinar los costos de producción con el propósito de establecer costos reales y así mejorar la toma de decisiones de la empresa Westtex Apparel S.A de C.V ubicada en la Zona Franca San Bartolo, éste sistema es el denominado sistema de costos basado en actividades (ABC);la empresa en estudio se dedica a la actividad textil y confección, cuenta con una metodología de costo tradicional en la cual asignan los costos indirectos utilizando generalmente como base los productos a producir. Lo que se propone con el diseño ABC es poder asignar los costos indirectos a las actividades que se realizan para producir dichos productos, por tal motivo el sistema ABC permitiría mayor exactitud en la asignación de los costos de la empresa y permite la visión de ellas por actividad. Con esto se trata de explicar que la información óptima para toma de decisiones no debe tener solamente los objetivos tradicionales de reportar información, sino facilitar el análisis a todos los niveles de la organización con el objeto de lograr las metas de eficiencia, análisis de actividades indirectas consumidas por los productos en su elaboración para corregir y mejorar las diferentes situaciones que se presenten.Básicamente el sistema de costos basado en actividades está asociado a las actividades sucesivas, que exigen del consumo de recursos o factores humanos, técnicos y financieros

Influence of the Cumulative Incidence of COVID-19 Cases on the Mental Health of the Spanish Out-of-Hospital Professionals

This study aimed to analyze the psychological affectation of health professionals (HPs) of Spanish Emergency Medical Services (EMSs) according to the cumulative incidence (CI) of COVID19 cases in the regions in which they worked. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed, including all HPs working in any EMS of the Spanish geography between 1 February 2021 and 30 April 2021. Their level of stress, anxiety and depression (DASS-21) and the perception of self-efficacy (GSES) were the study’s main results. A 2-factor analysis of covariance was used to determine if the CI regions of COVID-19 cases determined the psychological impact on each of the studied variables. A total of 1710 HPs were included. A third presented psychological impairment classified as severe. The interaction of CI regions with the studied variables did not influence their levels of stress, anxiety, depression or self-efficacy. Women, younger HPs or those with less EMS work experience, emergency medical technicians (EMT), workers who had to modify their working conditions or those who lived with minors or dependents suffered a greater impact from the COVID-19 pandemic in certain regions. These HPs have shown high levels of stress, anxiety, depression and medium levels of self-efficacy, with similar data in the different geographical areas. Psychological support is essential to mitigate their suffering and teach them to react to adverse events.This research was funded by Fundación ASISA and Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES)

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections