Efectos neuropsicológicos del consumo de drogas legales en jóvenes universitarias

Teniendo en cuenta la problemática del consumo de drogas, legales e ilegales, las mujeres, y especialmente las más jóvenes, constituyen en las últimas décadas un grupo de riesgo emergente. Entre las sustancias con mayor prevalencia de consumo se encuentran las drogas legales (alcohol y tabaco), pero un patrón de consumo combinado o poli-consumo está cada vez más presente. Las diferentes evidencias científicas aportan datos sobre los efectos neuropsicológicos del consumo de drogas legales, pero son pocos los estudios centrados en mujeres jóvenes y en los efectos combinados del alcohol y el tabaco. Por ello nos planteamos, en primer lugar, explorar el consumo de las diferentes sustancias legales e ilegales en universitarios, además de conocer las diferencias en función del sexo y según su patrón de consumo. Y segundo, y principal, determinar los posibles déficits cognitivos que presentan las jóvenes universitarias por el efecto tanto del alcohol como por su combinación con el tabaco. Además de determinar las características de personalidad y comportamientos debidos a estos patrones. La recogida de datos se estructura en un primer estudio piloto o “screening”, mediante un cuestionario online de 40 ítems que solicita información sobre datos sociodemográficos y de consumo. Y, posteriormente, se seleccionaron a las mujeres con edades entre los 18 y 25 años, que cumplieran los criterios propuestos para nuestros tres grupos comparativos: grupo control, grupo alcohol y grupo nicotina (alcohol+tabaco), y realizamos una batería neuropsicológica completa. Gracias a los resultados de los análisis hemos podido establecer: ! Que se presenta una alta prevalencia en el consumo del alcohol y tabaco en comparación con las sustancias ilegales, siendo estas dos las que se combinan habitualmente. Los hombres indican más frecuencia y cantidad de consumo que las mujeres, aunque son ellas las que suelen experimentar antes con las drogas que los varones. Además, el poli-consumo conlleva una mayor frecuencia, mayor cantidad y una experimentación a una edad más temprana del alcohol y cannabis. ! Las mujeres que combinan ambas sustancias empeoran en fluidez verbal semántica y en atención alternante, mientras las que consumen sólo alcohol presentan una mayor pérdida de información a nivel verbal y un rendimiento menor de la memoria de trabajo cuando se trata de material visuoespacial. En cuanto a las no consumidoras presentan una mayor prevalencia de posible trastorno de personalidad esquizoide. Además, las mujeres que combinan alcohol y tabaco, pero no para las consumidoras de lo primero, se caracterizan por ser más impulsivas y más susceptibles de producir cambios debido a la monotonía, además de percibir una peor calidad del sueño, que se puede relacionar también con más quejas en torno a la calidad subjetiva de su salud.Considering the problem of legal and illegal drug use, women, especially younger women, are a group of emerging risk in the last decades. Substances with higher prevalence are legal drugs (alcohol and cigarettes -or tobacco-), but a pattern of combined consumption or poly-consumption is growing. Different scientific evidences provide data on the neuropsychological effects of the use of legal drugs, but studies focused on young women and the combined effects of alcohol and cigarettes are scarce. Therefore we firstly aim to explore the use of various legal and illegal drugs in university students, and to know the sex differences and the consumption pattern. After that, our main objective was to identify possible cognitive deficits in these students due to alcohol or its combination with cigarettes. Finally we determined the personality characteristics and behavior related to these patterns. Data collection was organized in a first pilot or "screening" study, using a 40-item online questionnaire requesting information on demographic data and consumption. Subsequently, we selected women aged between 18 and 25 years who achieved the criteria proposed for our three comparison groups: control group, alcohol group, nicotine group (alcohol + cigarettes), and a neuropsychological battery was applied. From the results analyzed we can conclude: ! There is a high prevalence in the consumption of alcohol and cigarettes compared to illegal substances, and these are drugs usually combined. Men show more frequency and quantity of consumption than women, although women have their first experience with drugs earlier than men. In addition, the poly-consumption involves a higher frequency, greater quantity and an earlier experience of alcohol and cannabis consumption. ! Women who combine both substances have worst results in semantic verbal fluency and alternating attention, and those who consume only alcohol have a greater loss of verbal information and worst results in visuospatial working memory. Non-consumers women have a higher prevalence of possible schizoid personality disorder. In addition, women who combine both alcohol and cigarettes, but not women who consume only alcohol, are more impulsive and more susceptible to monotony generating more changes, and perceive a poorer quality of sleep, which also can be related to more complaints about the subjective quality of their health

Description of neuropsychological effects in adolescence associated with alcohol and/or tobacco use

Se pretende actualizar y resumir la evidencia disponible sobre los efectos neuropsicológicos del consumo de alcohol y/o tabaco, en población adolescente. Es abundante la literatura sobre los efectos neuropsicológicos asociados al consumo de alcohol, centrados en patrones de atracón y se informa de déficits neuropsicológicos. Son menos los que se centran en el consumo de tabaco, dependiendo los resultados del tipo de consumo, agudo o crónico. Y escasos los centrados en los efectos adversos de ambas sustancias, ya que las investigaciones se han centrado en alcohólicos crónicos en tratamiento, observándose que ser fumador modula la capacidad de rehabilitación en determinadas funciones cognitivas. Se considera importante conocer estos efectos en la adolescencia, por su alta incidencia de su consumo.The aim of the study was to update and summarize the available evidence on the neuropsychological effects of alcohol and / or tobacco use in the adolescent population. There is abundant literature on the neuropsychological effects associated with alcohol consumption, focusing on binge drinking and reported neuropsychological deficits. There is less research focusing on the consumption of tobacco, and the results depend on the type of consumption, acute or chronic. And there are few studies focused on the adverse effects of both substances, specifically investigations have focused on chronic alcoholics in treatment, showing that being a smoker modulates rehabilitation capacity in certain cognitive functions. It is considered important to know the effects of these substances in adolescence, because they have a high incidence of consumption

Impulsivity, Emotional Intelligence, and Alcohol Consumption in Young People: A Mediation Analysis

Alcohol consumption in young people is a public health problem. Due to the harmful consequences and the large population using alcoholic substances, it would be important to determine the biological, psychological, and social factors associated with alcohol use and abuse. The main object of this study is to explore which components of impulsivity, according to the main theoretical models, have predictive power regarding alcohol consumption in young people. A secondary objective is to determine if emotional intelligence has a mediating role between the components of impulsivity and alcohol consumption, and thus specifically contribute to the knowledge about the mediation processes between those variables that are involved in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol consumption. For this purpose, 384 participants were recruited (83.1% females, n = 319), with mean age of 20.46 years (SD = 1.90; range 18-25). All participants were alcohol consumers at the beginning of the study. Data collection was conducted via online survey; impulsivity was evaluated by several questionnaires (Sensation Seeking Scale Form V, Barratt Impulsivity Scales 11, and Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward), and emotional intelligence was evaluated by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. The results reveal that the dimension of disinhibition (a dimension of the sensation search scale) significantly has the highest predictive value on alcohol consumption. Moreover, our data show that the total effect and direct effect of disinhibition on frequency of alcohol consumption were both significant. The mediating role of emotional intelligence in this process was also significant. These findings show which variables should be considered to prevent alcohol consumption in young peopl

Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Subjective Sleep Quality and Depression during the Confinement Due to COVID-19

In March of 2020, as a consequence of the health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus, the State of Alarm and home confinement of the entire population was imposed in Spain. It is foreseeable that this exceptional situation will have psychological effects on citizens. In this work, the impact of confinement on perceived sleep quality and depression is evaluated through questionnaires, as well as the mediating role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in this relationship. Our results show, firstly, higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in women and young people associated with poorer perceived sleep quality, and secondly, that Emotional Intelligence intervenes as a mediator in this relationship through three different pathways. Worse perceived quality of sleep causes a greater number of depressive symptoms. In addition, this direct relationship may be enhanced by the mediating role of Emotional Intelligence, which we can express in three different ways: low perceived sleep quality and high emotional attention lead to greater depression; low perceived sleep quality and low emotional clarity increase greater symptoms of depression; and low perceived sleep quality together with low clarity and low emotional repair increase levels of depression. Therefore, we can conclude that improving the skills involved in Emotional Intelligence might increase perceived sleep quality, and thus reduce depressive symptoms, which in turn may improve the quality of lifeIn this section, you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments

Youth Dating Violence, Behavioral Sensitivity, and Emotional Intelligence: A Mediation Analysis

Intimate partner violence is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing psychological, physical, and sexual components. Violence in young couples is common in our society. This kind of violence is usually bidirectional, which adds to its complexity. This study aimed to explore how victimization (in three dimensions: non-abuse, technical mistreatment, and mistreatment) and perpetration (in two dimensions: non-perpetrator and perpetrator) are related to the BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System)/BAS (Behavioral Approach System), and it also evaluated if the dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI) (emotional attention, clarity, and regulation) mediate this relationship. Violence was evaluated in 272 young volunteer participants, as well as BIS/BAS behavioral sensitivity and perceived emotional intelligence. The correlations between these variables were analyzed, and a mediation analysis was also conducted. The results show that victimization (of the sexual and coercive type) was associated with less BAS activation, while victimization (of the sexual, humiliation, and detachment types) was associated with less BIS activity. All types of victimization were associated with less EI, specifically with less emotional clarity. Aggression (of the sexual, humiliation, detachment, and coercion types) was related to lower BAS and higher BIS sensitivity. Detachment aggression was associated with low emotional clarity. In conclusion, relationships between victimization and perpetration are evidenced in terms of BIS/BAS sensitivity and EI. Specifically, the dimension of EI emotional clarity acts as a mediator of BIS activation in victims of detachment

Hábitos de consumo de drogas y percepción sobre los efectos en salud y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Psicología en la Universidad de Huelva

El objetivo del trabajo es describir las prevalencias y las relaciones entre las diferentes drogas en estudiantes universitarios. Además conocer la percepción que tienen los estudiantes sobre los efectos de las drogas en el rendimiento académico y en la salud. La muestra está compuesta por 153 estudiantes de psicología de la Universidad de Huelva. Los datos de consumo y percepción se recogen mediante un cuestionario, anónimo y voluntario. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifi esto que las sustancias más consumidas y de inicio más temprano son el alcohol, el tabaco y el cannabis, por tanto, se confi rman las tendencias encontradas en jóvenes. Del mismo modo, se confi rma el patrón de policonsumo en un 60,78% de la muestra. El consumo de tabaco se inicia antes que el del alcohol o cannabis, y cuanto antes se inicia en el consumo de tabaco, antes también se inicia en el consumo de otras sustancias. Según sean las sustancias combinadas, se hallan diferencias en la edad de inicio del alcohol y en la cantidad de cigarrillos de tabaco. Se comienza a consumir alcohol antes si los que beben también fuman. Los que fuman más cigarros son los que combinan el tabaco con alguna otra droga ilegal distinta al cannabis. Con respecto a la percepción sobre el efecto del consumo de drogas, aquellos que consumen alcohol, tabaco y cannabis, consideran que las drogas afectan menos al rendimiento académico que los no consumidores o consumidores de drogas legales.The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence and relationships between different drugs among college students, as well as getting to know the perception of students about the effects of drugs on academic performance and health. The sample consists of 153 psychology students from the University of Huelva. The consumption and perception data are collected by an anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. Our results show that the most widely-consumed substances with earliest onset are alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, thus confi rming the trends found in young people. Similarly, polyconsumption is confi rmed with a percentage of 60.78% of the sample. Tobacco consumption starts earlier than alcohol or cannabis, and the sooner people start to consume tobacco, the sooner the consumption of other substances starts. Depending on the substances combined, there are differences in the age of onset of alcohol and the quantity of tobacco cigarettes. Thus, if those who drink also smoke, the age of onset of alcohol use is earlier. Those who smoke most cigarettes are the ones who combine tobacco with any illegal drug other than cannabis. With regard to perception of the effect of drug use, students who use alcohol, cannabis and tobacco consider that drugs affect academic performance less than non-users or consumers of legal drugs

Perception of the Attributes of Sherry Wine and Its Consumption in Young People in the South of Spain

The wine with the designation of origin "Jerez-Xerez-Sherry" is one of the most produced in Spain and with a greater volume of exports abroad. This study analyzes the preferences of Sherry Wine and its different varieties, based on gender and knowledge and interest in the world of wine. Similarly, the influence of the attributes of Sherry Wine on its choice and consumption is investigated. For this purpose, 1502 participants (1407 wine consumers) were recruited; among the consumers, 58.5% are women, and 74.3% have little knowledge of wine (Mean age 22.6; SD = 3.07; range 18-30). Data collection was done through an online survey. The results reveal that among the types of wines from Sherry, the Fino and the Manzanilla are the most chosen. The young people who have the highest consumption of wine are those who have the most prior knowledge of wine. Also, these young people attribute their choice of wine to intrinsic factors, and even women and connoisseurs are more important in this type of dimension. But the importance of the attributes differs according to the types of wines (Fino/Cream-flavor, Palo Cortado/Pedro Ximenez-color, Amontillado/Manzanilla-price and Oloroso-prizes). These findings will allow establishing measures for their promotion, as well as for the design and specific sales strategies for each type of wine

Women’s body image in the graphic advertising of high-end Spanish women’s magazines

En el actual contexto capitalista y patriarcal se sigue proponiendo, articulando y enalteciendo, desde los medios de comunicación y desde sus herramientas comerciales, el cuerpo de la mujer como eje central del universo femenino, atendiendo a que la belleza continúa considerándose como el atributo que por excelencia representa y encumbra a la mujer en la sociedad contemporánea. Un hecho que las revistas femeninas de alta gama españolas recogen, reflejan y difunden hasta la saciedad entre sus contenidos publicitarios, en los que se exponen modelos con unos patrones corporales extremos, patrón corporal estricto, que introducen medidas restrictivas (talla < 36, altura ? 170 centímetros y somatotipo ectomorfo) en los cuerpos de las féminas, y a los que se asocian rasgos corporales y estéticos como son: la etnia blanca, el cabello medio/largo, el color claro de los ojos, un segmento vital en el que destaca la juventud y un alto grado de perfección en el cuerpo y en el rostro de la mujer. Un proceso que ha contribuido a la difuminación y a la restricción, en cuanto a representatividad en el espacio publicitario, de otros patrones corporales femeninos que han visto mermado y restringido su espacio en pro de los patrones corporales restrictivos que se abren paso.En l’actual context capitalista i patriarcal es continua proposant, articulant i enaltint, des dels mitjans de comunicació i des de les seves eines comercials, el cos de la dona com a eix central de l’univers femení, atenent al fet que la bellesa continua considerant-se l’atribut que per excel·lència representa i enalteix la dona en la societat contemporània. Un fet que les revistes femenines d’alta gamma espanyoles recullen, reflecteixen i difonen fins a la sacietat entre els seus continguts publicitaris, en els quals s’exposen models amb uns patrons corporals extrems, patró corporal estricte, que introdueixen mesures restrictives (talla < 36, alçada ? 170 centímetres i somatotip ectomorf) en els cossos de les dones, i als quals s’associen trets corporals i estètics com ara: l’ètnia blanca, els cabells mitjans/llargs, el color clar dels ulls, un segment vital en què destaca la joventut i un alt grau de perfecció en el cos i en el rostre de la dona. Un procés que ha contribuït a la difuminació i a la restricció, quant a representativitat en l’espai publicitari, d’altres patrons corporals femenins que han vist minvat i restringit el seu espai en pro dels patrons corporals restrictius que s’obren pas.In the current capitalist and patriarchal context, the media-through its commercial tools-continues to propose, articulate and exalt women’s bodies as the central axis of the feminine universe, where beauty is considered the main attribute that represents and elevates women in contemporary society. In their advertising content, high-end Spanish women’s magazines depict, reflect and disseminate ad nauseam female models with extreme body patterns and restrictive measurements (size < 36, height ? 170 centimeters and ectomorphic somatotypes). Moreover, these females are associated with bodily and aesthetic features such as white ethnicity, medium-length/long hair, light-colored eyes, youth and a high degree of facial and bodily perfection. In terms of representativeness in the advertising space, this process has contributed to the blurring and restriction of other female body patterns, whose space has been reduced and constrained in favor of other restrictive body patterns

Gender roles in the advertising content of Spanish high-end women's magazines, their association with restrictive female body patterns and the real woman's perception of this phenomenon

Las mujeres reales son conscientes de cómo el patrón corporal femenino que exhibe una modelo en la publicidad no contiene solamente dimensiones estéticas que atañen y repercuten a su cuerpo, sino que en base a éste a la mujer se le atribuirán diferentes roles sociales que repercutirán en el universo femenino que quede plasmado en cada escena de la ficción publicitaria. Así pues, los patrones corporales restrictivos, PCE, introducirán mujeres abocadas a la soltería, ociosas, de clase social alta, exentas del trabajo, así como de las labores del hogar y la maternidad; mientras que los patrones corporales no estrictos, PCNE, se afianzarán sobre modelos de mujer en los que la maternidad y las tareas del hogar, así como el ámbito de lo privado estarán muy presentes, a las que se representará circunscritas a la clase media y en la que el trabajo si tiene cabida.Real women are aware of how the female body pattern that exhibits a model in advertising does not only contain aesthetic dimensions that affect and affect their body, but based on this the woman will be attributed different social roles that will impact on the female universe that is reflected in every scene of advertising fiction. Thus, the restrictive corporal patterns, PCE, will introduce women dedicated to singleness, idle, high social class, exempt from work, as well as housework and motherhood; while the non-strict corporal patterns, PCNE, will take hold over women's models in which motherhood and housework, as well as the private sphere will be very present, which will be represented circumscribed to the middle class and in the one that the work does have a place

La representación del universo femenino en las revistas femeninas de alta gama españolas (2019)

Las portadas de las revistas femeninas de alta gama españolas se constituyen como un sello de identidad, así como una poderosa herramienta de promoción, sustento y divulgación de un prototipo ideal de belleza femenino que restringe la corporalidad de la mujer. Mediante la articulación de tres parámetros concretos – talla ≤ 36, altura ≥ 170 centímetros y un somatotipo ectomorfo–, se difunde un aspecto sobrerrepresentado a partir de atribuciones positivas, que enaltecen la perfección facial y corporal de la mujer, en detrimento de la madurez femenina y de las particularidades psicológicas. Un ideal de belleza abanderado por mujeres que son respetadas y reconocidas, por ser celebridades, principalmente del mundo del espectáculo, y que yuxtaponen sus cualidades asociadas a vidas fáciles. Dicha banalización contrasta con las funciones y roles que, a diario, desarrolla la mujer contemporánea, ya sea en el plano laboral o actitudinal, desaparecen.The covers of Spanish high-end women's magazines are constituted as a seal of identity, as well as a powerful tool for promoting, sustaining and disseminating an ideal prototype of feminine beauty that restricts women's corporeality. Through the articulation of three specific parameters - size ≤ 36, height ≥ 170 centimetres and an ectomorphic somatotype - an over-represented appearance is disseminated based on positive attributions, which exalt the facial and corporal perfection of women, to the detriment of feminine maturity and psychological particularities. An ideal of beauty championed by women who are respected and recognised as celebrities, mainly from the world of show business, and who juxtapose their qualities associated with easy lives. Such trivialisation contrasts with the functions and roles that, on a daily basis, contemporary women develop, whether in terms of work or attitude, disappear.Ciencias de la Comunicació