Internationalization of production at the shipbuilding industry

The internationalization of the production of the naval factories comes impelled by the possibilities that the new construction techniques open up to the disintegration of the productive processes. Also, the advances of the technologies of the information and communication reduce the inconveniences of the localization of activities in different centers located in geographically distant areas. Also, the depreciation of the costs of transport subtracts importance to the obstacles of the displacement of the parts of the ship among the different construction points. In spite of it, in the naval sector whose habitual objective market is the world, the internationalization of the production turns out to be a less frequent practice. Then, in this work we pursue to identify the keys that govern the contemporary processes of internationalization in general and those of internationalization of the production in the naval factories in particular, making mention to the experiences undertaken by Spanish shipbuilders.Internationalization strategies, localization of the production, naval industry, territory advantages

Exploring the complementarity between foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity

This study analyzes the complementarity of foreign technology acquired under license agreements, technology embedded in machinery and equipment and increase in a company’s productive capacity. We use panel data on Brazilian manufacturing companies from the World Bank Surveys. We used the random effects models, estimated by maximum likelihood. The results indicate that foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity have a positive and significant impact on labor productivity. The complementarity test reveals that the relationship between the two technologies analyzed is conditionally substitutive and that the relationship between each of these technologies and increase of productive capacity is conditionally complementary.Junta de Extremadura | Ref. GR1809

Os efeitos das práticas de gestão da qualidade nos resultados-chave: amostra de questionários para o setor de hospedagem turística na Espanha

En este trabajo de investigación se examinan los efectos directos e indirectos de las prácticas de la Gestión de la Calidad en los resultados clave, y se identifican las relaciones entre las prácticas de la calidad. Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto se plantea un modelo estructural teniendo en cuenta la revisión previa de la literatura con el propósito de identificar las prácticas de calidad y las relaciones causales con los resultados clave. El modelo teórico y sus hipótesis son testados usando los datos obtenidos de una muestra de 186 empresas de alojamiento turístico certificadas con la marca “Q de Calidad Turística” en Espana, a partir de un cuestionario elaborado en base a las prácticas de calidad definidas en la literatura y por el Modelo EFQM, tomando como referencia algunas de las escalas más relevantes. La metodología empleada consiste en la aplicación de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio para validar las escalas (fiabilidad, unidimensionalidad y validez) y delimitar el número de ítems de cada uno de los instrumentos de medida de los constructos planteados para, a continuación, estimar el modelo causal propuesto procediendo a contrastar las hipótesis planteadas mediante la técnica Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Los resultados obtenidos apoyan las relaciones entre las prácticas de la calidad y el impacto directo y positivo de dos de las prácticas: gestión de los procesos y política/planificación de la calidad, en los resultados clave. También se observó que las prácticas de calidad que más influyen en los resultados clave son la política/planificación de la calidad junto con el liderazgo teniendo en cuenta los efectos totales (directos e indirectos).In this research work, we examine the direct and indirect effects of quality management practices on key results and we identify the relationship between quality practices. To achieve the proposed objective, a structural model was used, taking into account the previous review of the literature, in order to identify the quality practices and causal relationships with the key results. The theoretical model and hypotheses are tested using data collected from a sample of 186 tourist accommodation companies certified with the “Q for Tourist Quality” standard in Spain, from a questionnaire based on quality practices identified in the literature and on the EFQM Model, taking some of the most relevant scales as a reference. The methodology used consists of the application of an Exploratory and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis to validate the scales (reliability, one-dimensionality and validity) and define the number of items of each of the measuring instruments of the constructs proposed, to then estimate the causal model proposed, proceeding to test the hypotheses formulated by using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique. The results achieved support the relationship between quality practices and the direct and positive impact of two of the practices, processes management and quality policy/planning, on the key results. It was also observed that the quality practices that most influence key results are quality policy/planning along with leadership, when considering the total effects (direct and indirect).No presente trabalho de pesquisa foram analisados os efeitos diretos e indiretos das práticas de Gestão da Qualidade nos resultados-chave e foram identificadas as relações entre as práticas da qualidade. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, apresenta-se um modelo estrutural que leva em consideração a revisão prévia da literatura com o propósito de identificar as práticas da qualidade e as relações causais com os resultados-chave. O modelo teórico e suas hipóteses foram testados usando-se os dados obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 186 empresas de hospedagem turística certificadas com a marca “Q de Qualidade Turística” na Espanha, a partir de um questionário elaborado com base nas práticas de qualidade definidas na literatura e pelo Modelo EFQM, tomando-se como referência algumas das escalas mais relevantes. A metodologia usada consiste na aplicação de uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Confirmatória para validar as escalas (confiabilidade, unidimensionalidade e validade) e delimitar o número de itens de cada um dos instrumentos de medida dos construtos propostos, para, em seguida, elaborar o modelo causal proposto, procedendo ao teste das hipóteses levantadas por meio da técnica do Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Os resultados obtidos reforçam as relações entre as práticas de qualidade e o impacto direto e positivo de duas das práticas: gestão de processos e política/planejamento da qualidade, nos resultados-chave. Também foi observado que as práticas da qualidade que mais influenciam nos resultados-chave são a política/planejamento da qualidade junto com a liderança, levando-se em conta os efeitos totais (diretos e indiretos).peerReviewe

Internationalization of production at the shipbuilding industry

[ES] La internacionalización de la producción de las factorías navales viene impulsada por las posibilidades que las nuevas técnicas de construcción abren a la desagregación de los procesos productivos. Además, los avances experimentados en las tecnologías de la información y comunicación reducen los inconvenientes de la deslocalización de actividades en distintos centros ubicados en áreas geográficas distantes. Asimismo, el abaratamiento de los costes de transporte resta importancia a los escollos del desplazamiento de las partes del buque entre los distintos puntos de construcción. Pese a ello, en el sector naval, cuyo mercado objetivo habitual es de ámbito mundial, la internacionalización de la producción resulta ser una práctica menos frecuente.Por ello, en este trabajo perseguimos identificar las claves que rigen los procesos contemporáneos de internacionalización en general y los de internacionalización de la producción en las factorías navales en particular, haciendo mención a las experiencias emprendidas por astilleros españoles pioneros en estas prácticas.[EN] The internationalization of the production of the naval factories comes impelled by the possibilities that the new construction techniques open up to the disintegration of the productive processes. Also, the advances of the technologies of the information and communication reduce the inconveniences of the localization of activities in different centers located in geographically distant areas. Also, the depreciation of the costs of transport subtracts importance to the obstacles of the displacement of the parts of the ship among the different construction points. In spite of it, in the naval sector whose habitual objective market is the world, the internationalization of the production turns out to be a less frequent practice.Then, in this work we pursue to identify the keys that govern the contemporary processes of internationalization in general and those of internationalization of the production in the naval factories in particular, making mention to the experiences undertaken by Spanish shipbuilders

Innovation, productive capacity, training and productivity

Este estudio analiza la relación entre productividad laboral, innovación radical, innovación incremental, tecnología incorporada en maquinaria y equipos, utilización de la capacidad productiva y formación. Los datos utilizados son de empresas españolas, manufactureras y de servicios, procedentes de la Business Environment and enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). La técnica empleada para estimar los coeficientes del modelo es la regresión mínimo cuadrática ordinaria, ya que la variable dependiente (productividad laboral) es continua. Los resultados indican que la innovación radical y la formación influyen positiva y significativamente sobre la productividad laboral. La influencia de la tecnología incorporada también es significativa, pero de signo negativo. Finalmente, señalar que las empresas que más exportan y las de mayor tamaño alcanzan mayores niveles de productividad. Los hallazgos encontrados en este estudio tienen implicaciones para los responsables de la política económica. Los decisores políticos españoles deben promover y subsidiar la adquisición de maquinaria y equipos más eficientes para las empresas que alcanzan menores niveles de productividad, así como subsidiar la formación de trabajadores cualificados en el manejo de estos nuevos equipos. Además, también deben promover y subsidiar el desarrollo de actividades de elevado contenido en I+D para las empresas que consiguen elevados niveles de productividad, a fin de que incrementen su desempeño en innovación radical. La promoción y subsidiación de programas de formación relacionados con la I+D también resulta esencial en este tipo de empresas, máxime en un escenario caracterizado por un cambio tecnológico intenso y que se produce con gran rapidez.This study analyzes the relationship between labor productivity, radical innovation, incremental innovation, embodied technology in machinery and equipment, utilization of production capacity and training. The data used are from Spanish companies, manufacturing and services, and have been collected by the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). The technique used to estimate the coefficients of the model is the ordinary least square regression, since the dependent variable (labor productivity) is continuous. The results indicate that radical innovation and training have a significant positive impact on labor productivity. The influence of embodied technology is also significant, but of negative sign. Finally, note that the companies that export and larger achieve higher levels of productivity. The findings of this study have implications for responsible for economic policy. Spanish policy makers should promote and subsidize the purchase of machinery and equipment more efficient for companies that achieve lower levels of productivity, and subsidize the training of workers in the management of these new equipments. They must also promote and subsidize the development of activities high in R&D for companies that achieve high levels of productivity, to increase their performance in radical innovation. The promotion and subsidization of training programs related to R&D is also essential in this type of companies, especially in a scenario characterized by an intense and rapid technological change.peerReviewe

Exploring the complementarity between foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity

This study analyzes the complementarity of foreign technology acquired under license agreements, technology embedded in machinery and equipment and increase in a company’s productive capacity. We use panel data on Brazilian manufacturing companies from the World Bank Surveys. We used the random effects models, estimated by maximum likelihood. The results indicate that foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity have a positive and significant impact on labor productivity. The complementarity test reveals that the relationship between the two technologies analyzed is conditionally substitutive and that the relationship between each of these technologies and increase of productive capacity is conditionally complementary

The relationship between R&D subsidy and R&D cooperation in eco-innovative companies. An analysis taking a complementarity approach

We analyze whether eco-innovation has a positive or negative influence on the business performance of companies and, through the complementarity approach, whether the joint implementation of R&D subsidy and R&D cooperation increases or decreases the sum of their respective individual impacts on the business performance. If the joint implementation is substitutive, business performance will be lower than potentially possible, so granting R&D subsidies under the condition of establishing R&D cooperation would not be an adequate policy to promote eco-innovation. The analyses were performed using data from the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) of 2013 for Spanish manufacturing companies. Our findings indicate that an eco-innovation-oriented strategy positively affects the labor productivity of companies and that receiving public aid as a consequence of establishing R&D cooperation agreements has a lower effect on labor productivity (non-eco-innovative companies), or the same effect (eco-innovative companies), compared to the sum of the individual impacts of R&D cooperation and R&D subsidy. Consequently, in non-eco-innovative companies the use of subsidized R&D cooperation is inadvisable, while their use in eco-innovative companies is neutral

Medidas de actuación en el sector naval español ante los nuevos factores de competitividad

Texto dispoñible en galego e españolNO

Relação de dependência entre os fatores críticos de qualidade e impacto social

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio empírico realizado en 186 empresas de alojamiento turístico en España, certificadas de acuerdo con la marca “Q de Calidad Turística”, un sistema de gestión de la calidad propio. Fue elaborado con la finalidad de analizar la estructura de la relación entre los factores fundamentales de la calidad y los resultados –el impacto social–, cómo se operan y el nivel de su influencia sobre la obtención de dichos resultados dentro de la empresa. A partir de una revisión teórica integrada, proponemos un modelo teórico junto con las hipótesis que se han de probar y procedemos a su validación usando la técnica de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las empresas que desean mejorar sus resultados y el impacto social deben tener en cuenta que el liderazgo es el factor más importante para ello. El liderazgo afecta indirectamente el impacto social a través de su influencia sobre alianzas y recursos, política de calidad y planificación, gestión del personal y del aprendizaje. PALABRAS CLAVE | Gestión de la calidad, “Q de Calidad Turística”, resultados del impacto social, empresas de alojamiento, modelo causal.This paper shows the results of the empirical study conducted in 186 tourist accommodation businesses in Spain certified under the “Q for Tourist Quality”, own System Quality Management. It was raised with the purpose of analyzing the structure of the relationship between critical quality factors and results-social impact, how they operate and the level of their influence on obtaining these results within the company. Starting from a deep theoretical revision we propose a theoretical model together with the hypotheses to be tested, and we proceed to validation using the technique of Structural Equation Models. The results obtained show that companies wishing to improve their social impact should take into account that leadership is the most important factor to achieve it. Leadership indirectly affects the social impact through its influence on alliances and resources, quality policy/ planning, personnel management and learning.Este artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo empírico realizado em 186 empresas de alojamento turístico na Espanha, certificadas de acordo com “Q de Qualidade Turística”, Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade próprio. Foi criado com a finalidade de analisar a estrutura da relação entre os fatores críticos de impacto de qualidade e resultados – impacto social, como se operam e do nível da sua influência sobre a obtenção destes resultados dentro da empresa. A partir de uma revisão teórica integrante propomos um modelo teórico juntamente com as hipóteses a serem testadas, e procedemos à validação usando a técnica de modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as empresas que desejam melhorar seus resultados e impacto social deve levar em conta que a liderança é o fator mais importante para tal. A liderança afeta indiretamente o impacto social através de sua influência sobre alianças e recursos, política de qualidade e planejamento, gestão de pessoal e de aprendizagem.peerReviewe

C-Src, ERK1/2 and Rho kinasemediate hydrogen peroxide-induced vascular contraction in hypertension: Role ofTXA2, NAD(P)H oxidase andmitochondria

AIM: : The aim of this study was to analyse the signalling pathways involved in H2O2 vascular responses in hypertension. METHODS: Vascular function, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production, oxidative stress and protein expression were determined in mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) from hypertensive (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. RESULTS: H2O2 and the TP agonist U46619 induced greater contractile responses in MRA from SHR than WKY. Moreover, H2O2 increased TXA2 production more in SHR than in WKY. The c-Src inhibitor PP1 reduced H2O2 and U46619-induced contraction and TXA2 release in both strains. The ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 reduced H2O2 but not U46619-induced contraction only in SHR arteries. The Rho kinase inhibitor Y26372 reduced H2O2 and U46619-induced contractions only in SHR arteries. Basal c-Src, ERK1/2 and Rho kinase expression were greater in MRA from SHR than WKY. In SHR, the combination of PD98059 with the TP antagonist SQ29548 but not with Y27632 inhibited the H2O2 contraction more than each inhibitor alone. H2O2 and U46619 increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and O2 production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in vessels from SHR. The effects induced by H2O2 were abolished by inhibitors of TXA2 synthase, ERK1/2 and c-Src. The mitochondrial antioxidant mitoTEMPO reduced H2O2-induced contraction and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. CONCLUSION: In arteries from WKY, c-Src mediates H2O2 contractile responses by modulating TXA2 release and TXA2 effect. In SHR, H2O2 induces c-Src dependent TXA2 release that provokes vascular contractile responses through Rho kinase, c-Src and O2 from NAD(P)H Oxidase and mitochondria. Moreover, ERK1/2 activation contributes to H2O2 contraction in SHR through effects on mitochondria/NAD(P)H Oxidase