Craqueo térmico y catalítico, con y sin vapor de agua, de alcanos sobre zeolitas, cinética, desactivación y estabilización del catalizador

El mercado del refino demanda cada vez mayor cantidad de productos con una mejor calidad, tanto técnica como medioambiental, lo que conlleva elevados costes de inversión. Sin embargo, dentro de este mercado, el precio del producto final no suele reconocer el mayor coste asociado a la mejora de las calidades. Si se pretende aumentar o, como mínimo, mantener el margen económico de refino se debe actuar sobre aquellos factores que, sin suponer grandes inversiones, afecten positivamente al mismo, díganse el aumento de la capacidad de conversión así como la optimización e integración de los esquemas de refino. En este contexto, la unidad de FCC, dada su gran rentabilidad e importancia económica dentro del esquema general de refino, así como su gran adaptabilidad y versatilidad para el procesado de distintas corrientes y obtención de diferentes productos, juega un papel central como una de las tecnologías primarias sobre las que poder actuar para incrementar el margen económico de refino. Este hecho, unido a la creciente demanda de olefina ligera por parte del mercado, muestra una posible alternativa de integración para la mejora de dicho margen. En la presente investigación se han llevado a cabo experimentos de craqueo catalítico de n-parafinas en condiciones de operación de alta severidad, principalmente mayores temperaturas de reacción y empleando, en las ocasiones oportunas, grandes proporciones de agua en el alimento, con el fin de incrementar la producción de olefinas ligeras en la corriente de salida. En dicho estudio se han empleado como catalizadores materiales zeolíticos que maximizan la producción de olefina ligera, tales como zeolitas de tipo ZSM-5 con diferente relación Si/Al y zeolita IM-5, nuevo material con un gran potencial como catalizador de craqueo. Se muestra un estudio del rendimiento, selectividad y comportamiento ante la desactivación de los diferentes productos de reacción durante el craqueo, prestando especial hincapié a las olefinas ligeras. Además se observa la influencia de distintas variables de operación tales como el tiempo de contacto, temperatura de reacción, presión parcial de agua en la corriente alimento, tiempo de reacción, longitud de la cadena de la parafina, tipo de catalizador, relación Si/Al de un mismo catalizador, etc., valorando sus implicaciones en los objetivos generales planteados. Así mismo, se propone un modelo de desactivación que es capaz de simular el comportamiento mostrado por los catalizadores, teniendo en cuenta los datos de actividad instantánea del catalizador tomados a tiempos muy cortos de reacción, condición de operación a la que se tiende en la nuevas unidades de craqueo catalítico diseñadas para incrementar la producción de olefinas ligeras. Finalmente se muestran los resultados obtenidos tras la estabilización de las estructuras zeolíticas, mediante tratamientos post-síntesis de incorporación de fósforo, frente a los efectos negativos derivados de las nuevas condiciones de operación. Se presenta un estudio de optimización de las variables de operación, tanto del proceso reactivo como del método de estabilización.The refining market increasingly demands more products with better quality, both technically and environmentally, leading on higher investment costs. However, within this market, the price of the final product does not recognize the higher cost usually associated with quality improvement. To increase or at least maintain the economic refining margin it is needed to act on those factors which affect positively, without assuming major investments, as the increase in conversion capacity and the optimization-integration refining schemes. In this context, the FCC unit, given its high profitability and economic importance within the overall refining scheme, and its great adaptability and versatility for processing different streams and obtaining various products, plays a central role as one of the primary technologies on which to act to increase the economic refining margin. This fact, together with the growing demand for light olefins by the market, shows a possible integration alternative for improving the margin profit. In this investigation catalytic cracking experiments of n-paraffins were carried out under high severity conditions, including greater reaction temperatures and, on suitable occasions, large proportions of water in feed, in order to increase light olefin production. In this study were used as catalysts zeolite materials that maximize the production of light olefins, such as zeolite ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratio and zeolite IM-5, new material has great potential as cracking catalyst. It shows a study of the yield, selectivity and deactivation behavior in the different products during the cracking reaction, with particular emphasis on light olefins. Besides this, it also shows the influence of different operating variables such as contact time, reaction temperature, water partial pressure, reaction time, paraffin chain length, catalyst type, Si/Al ratio, etc.., assessing its implications on the general objectives proposed. Moreover, it is developed a deactivation model that is capable of simulating the activity behavior shown by the catalysts, even at very short reaction times, operating condition used by the new catalytic cracking units designed to increase light olefin production. Finally, it compares the results obtained before and after a zeolite hydrothermal stabilization, through post-synthesis treatments of phosphorus incorporation

Adecuación progresiva y análisis permanente de la metodología docente hacia una evaluación continua.

[EN] Continuous evaluation is the main evaluation system used into the new European Space for Higher Education. This paper describes the continuous evaluation applied to the course "Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering" and presents a comparative analysis of the impact that this methodological change has resulted in academic performance. This comparison shows an improvement of academic performance with the use of continuous evaluation. Also, an analysis of the review process is made to proceed with a progressive adjustment of continuous evaluation system. Previous experience and curricular planning are showed important factors for its implementation, as well as analysis of educational context. Finally, the main advantages and disadvantages observed in the application of this methodology during last years are discussed.González Romero, JA.; Mengual Cuquerella, J. (2014). Adecuación progresiva y análisis permanente de la metodología docente hacia una evaluación continua. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1392-1402. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/168739S1392140

The Influence of the Support on the Activity of Mn-Fe Catalysts Used for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Ammonia

[EN] Mono and bimetallic Mn-Fe catalysts supported on different materials were prepared and their catalytic performance in the NH3-SCR of NOx was investigated. It was shown that Mn and Fe have a synergic effect that enhances the activity at low temperature. Nevertheless, the activity of the bimetallic catalysts depends very much on the support selected. The influence of the support on the catalyst activity has been studied using materials with different textural and acid-base properties. Microporous (BEA-zeolite), mesoporous (SBA15 and MCM41) and bulk (metallic oxides) materials with different acidity have been used as supports for the Mn-Fe catalysts. It has been shown that the activity depends on the acidity of the support and on the surface area. Acid sites are necessary for ammonia adsorption and high surface area produces a better dispersion of the active sites resulting in improved redox properties. The best results have been obtained with the catalysts supported on alumina and on beta zeolite. The first one is the most active at low temperatures but it presents some reversible deactivation in the presence of water. The Mn-Fe catalyst supported on beta zeolite is the most active at temperatures higher than 350 degrees C, without any deactivation in the presence of water and with a 100% selectivity towards nitrogen.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/FEDER), projects RTI2018-101784-B-I00 and RTI2018-101033-B-100 and by Generalitat Valenciana and European Social Fund, the pre doctoral grant ACIF2017.López-Hernández, I.; Mengual Cuquerella, J.; Palomares Gimeno, AE. (2020). The Influence of the Support on the Activity of Mn-Fe Catalysts Used for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Ammonia. Catalysts. 10(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010063S112101Gao, F., Tang, X., Yi, H., Zhao, S., Li, C., Li, J., … Meng, X. (2017). A Review on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by NH3 over Mn–Based Catalysts at Low Temperatures: Catalysts, Mechanisms, Kinetics and DFT Calculations. Catalysts, 7(7), 199. doi:10.3390/catal7070199Yu, J. J., Cheng, J., Ma, C. Y., Wang, H. L., Li, L. D., Hao, Z. P., & Xu, Z. P. (2009). NOx decomposition, storage and reduction over novel mixed oxide catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 333(2), 423-430. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.022Forzatti, P. (2001). Present status and perspectives in de-NOx SCR catalysis. Applied Catalysis A: General, 222(1-2), 221-236. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00832-8Rutkowska, M., Díaz, U., Palomares, A. E., & Chmielarz, L. (2015). Cu and Fe modified derivatives of 2D MWW-type zeolites (MCM-22, ITQ-2 and MCM-36) as new catalysts for DeNO x process. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 168-169, 531-539. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.01.016PALOMARES, A., PRATO, J., IMBERT, F., & CORMA, A. (2007). Catalysts based on tin and beta zeolite for the reduction of NOx under lean conditions in the presence of water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 75(1-2), 88-94. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.03.013Palomares, A. E., Franch, C., & Corma, A. (2011). Determining the characteristics of a Co-zeolite to be active for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with hydrocarbons. Catalysis Today, 176(1), 239-241. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2010.11.092Palomares, A. E., Prato, J. G., & Corma, A. (2003). Co-Exchanged IM5, a Stable Zeolite for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO in the Presence of Water and SO2. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42(8), 1538-1542. doi:10.1021/ie020345lWang, R., Wu, X., Zou, C., Li, X., & Du, Y. (2018). NOx Removal by Selective Catalytic Reduction with Ammonia over a Hydrotalcite-Derived NiFe Mixed Oxide. Catalysts, 8(9), 384. doi:10.3390/catal8090384Qi, G., & Yang, R. T. (2003). Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 over iron and manganese oxides supported on titania. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 44(3), 217-225. doi:10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00100-0Forzatti, P., Nova, I., & Tronconi, E. (2009). Enhanced NH3 Selective Catalytic Reduction for NOx Abatement. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(44), 8366-8368. doi:10.1002/anie.200903857Gillot, S., Tricot, G., Vezin, H., Dacquin, J.-P., Dujardin, C., & Granger, P. (2018). Induced effect of tungsten incorporation on the catalytic properties of CeVO4 systems for the selective reduction of NOx by ammonia. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 234, 318-328. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.059Krishnan, A. T., & Boehman, A. L. (1998). Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia at low temperatures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 18(3-4), 189-198. doi:10.1016/s0926-3373(98)00036-8Li, J., Chang, H., Ma, L., Hao, J., & Yang, R. T. (2011). Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over metal oxide and zeolite catalysts—A review. Catalysis Today, 175(1), 147-156. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2011.03.034Boningari, T., & Smirniotis, P. G. (2016). Impact of nitrogen oxides on the environment and human health: Mn-based materials for the NO x abatement. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 13, 133-141. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2016.09.004Putluru, S. S. R., Schill, L., Jensen, A. D., Siret, B., Tabaries, F., & Fehrmann, R. (2015). Mn/TiO2 and Mn–Fe/TiO2 catalysts synthesized by deposition precipitation—promising for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperatures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 165, 628-635. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.060Chmielarz, L., Kuśtrowski, P., Dziembaj, R., Cool, P., & Vansant, E. F. (2006). Catalytic performance of various mesoporous silicas modified with copper or iron oxides introduced by different ways in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 62(3-4), 369-380. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.004Chmielarz, L., Dziembaj, R., Grzybek, T., Klinik, J., Łojewski, T., Olszewska, D., & Papp, H. (2000). Catalysis Letters, 68(1/2), 95-100. doi:10.1023/a:1019094327927Gao, Y., Luan, T., Zhang, S., Jiang, W., Feng, W., & Jiang, H. (2019). Comprehensive Comparison between Nanocatalysts of Mn−Co/TiO2 and Mn−Fe/TiO2 for NO Catalytic Conversion: An Insight from Nanostructure, Performance, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics. Catalysts, 9(2), 175. doi:10.3390/catal9020175Song, C., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Lu, Y., & Li, K. (2019). Co-Exchange of Mn: A Simple Method to Improve Both the Hydrothermal Stability and Activity of Cu–SSZ-13 NH3–SCR Catalysts. Catalysts, 9(5), 455. doi:10.3390/catal9050455Paolucci, C., Di Iorio, J. R., Ribeiro, F. H., Gounder, R., & Schneider, W. F. (2016). Catalysis Science of NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction With Ammonia Over Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SAPO-34. Advances in Catalysis, 1-107. doi:10.1016/bs.acat.2016.10.002Wu, Z., Jiang, B., & Liu, Y. (2008). Effect of transition metals addition on the catalyst of manganese/titania for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 79(4), 347-355. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.09.039Putluru, S. S. R., Schill, L., Jensen, A. D., & Fehrmann, R. S. N. (2018). Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 on Cu-, Fe-, and Mn-Zeolites Prepared by Impregnation: Comparison of Activity and Hydrothermal Stability. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2018/8614747Thirupathi, B., & Smirniotis, P. G. (2012). Nickel-doped Mn/TiO2 as an efficient catalyst for the low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3: Catalytic evaluation and characterizations. Journal of Catalysis, 288, 74-83. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2012.01.003Peña, D. A., Uphade, B. S., & Smirniotis, P. G. (2004). TiO2-supported metal oxide catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3I. Evaluation and characterization of first row transition metals. Journal of Catalysis, 221(2), 421-431. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2003.09.003Qi, G., Yang, R. T., & Chang, R. (2004). MnOx-CeO2 mixed oxides prepared by co-precipitation for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperatures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 51(2), 93-106. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.01.023Roy, S., Viswanath, B., Hegde, M. S., & Madras, G. (2008). Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over Ti0.9M0.1O2-δ (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu). The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(15), 6002-6012. doi:10.1021/jp7117086Shi, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, M., Zhang, Z., & Shangguan, W. (2017). Promotion effect of tungsten and iron co-addition on the catalytic performance of MnOx/TiO2 for NH3-SCR of NOx. Fuel, 210, 783-789. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.035Husnain, N., Wang, E., Li, K., Anwar, M. T., Mehmood, A., Gul, M., … Mao, J. (2018). Iron oxide-based catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH3. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 35(2), 239-264. doi:10.1515/revce-2017-0064Wang, X., Wu, S., Zou, W., Yu, S., Gui, K., & Dong, L. (2016). Fe-Mn/Al 2 O 3 catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH 3. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(8), 1314-1323. doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(15)61115-9Thirupathi, B., & Smirniotis, P. G. (2011). Co-doping a metal (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ce, and Zr) on Mn/TiO2 catalyst and its effect on the selective reduction of NO with NH3 at low-temperatures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 110, 195-206. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.09.001Kim, Y. J., Kwon, H. J., Heo, I., Nam, I.-S., Cho, B. K., Choung, J. W., … Yeo, G. K. (2012). Mn–Fe/ZSM5 as a low-temperature SCR catalyst to remove NOx from diesel engine exhaust. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 126, 9-21. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.010Huang, J., Tong, Z., Huang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2008). Selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperatures over iron and manganese oxides supported on mesoporous silica. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 78(3-4), 309-314. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.09.031Li, J., Yang, C., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., & Huang, W. (2015). Effects of Fe addition on the structure and catalytic performance of mesoporous Mn/Al–SBA-15 catalysts for the reduction of NO with ammonia. Catalysis Communications, 62, 24-28. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2015.01.003Chen, Z., Wang, F., Li, H., Yang, Q., Wang, L., & Li, X. (2011). Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Fe–Mn Mixed-Oxide Catalysts Containing Fe3Mn3O8 Phase. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(1), 202-212. doi:10.1021/ie201894cPalomares, A. E., Prato, J. ., & Corma, A. (2002). A new active zeolite structure for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides: ITQ7 zeolite. Catalysis Today, 75(1-4), 367-371. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00066-4Jeong, N. C., Lee, J. S., Tae, E. L., Lee, Y. J., & Yoon, K. B. (2008). Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson’s Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47(52), 10128-10132. doi:10.1002/anie.200803837Sun, M., Lan, B., Yu, L., Ye, F., Song, W., He, J., … Zheng, Y. (2012). Manganese oxides with different crystalline structures: Facile hydrothermal synthesis and catalytic activities. Materials Letters, 86, 18-20. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.07.011Deng, S., Zhuang, K., Xu, B., Ding, Y., Yu, L., & Fan, Y. (2016). Promotional effect of iron oxide on the catalytic properties of Fe–MnOx/TiO2 (anatase) catalysts for the SCR reaction at low temperatures. Catalysis Science & Technology, 6(6), 1772-1778. doi:10.1039/c5cy01217aFang, N., Guo, J., Shu, S., Luo, H., Chu, Y., & Li, J. (2017). Enhancement of low-temperature activity and sulfur resistance of Fe 0.3 Mn 0.5 Zr 0.2 catalyst for NO removal by NH 3 -SCR. Chemical Engineering Journal, 325, 114-123. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.053Stobbe, E. R., de Boer, B. A., & Geus, J. W. (1999). The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides. Catalysis Today, 47(1-4), 161-167. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00296-xFiorenza, R., Spitaleri, L., Gulino, A., & Scirè, S. (2018). Ru–Pd Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on CeO2-MnOX Oxides as Efficient Systems for H2 Purification through CO Preferential Oxidation. Catalysts, 8(5), 203. doi:10.3390/catal8050203Tu, Y.-B., Luo, J.-Y., Meng, M., Wang, G., & He, J.-J. (2009). Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of highly active catalyst Au/MnOx–CeO2 used for the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(9), 3743-3754. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.015Corma, A. (1997). From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 97(6), 2373-2420. doi:10.1021/cr960406nGallo, J. M. R., Bisio, C., Gatti, G., Marchese, L., & Pastore, H. O. (2010). Physicochemical Characterization and Surface Acid Properties of Mesoporous [Al]-SBA-15 Obtained by Direct Synthesis. Langmuir, 26(8), 5791-5800. doi:10.1021/la903661qWu, S., Han, Y., Zou, Y.-C., Song, J.-W., Zhao, L., Di, Y., … Xiao, F.-S. (2004). Synthesis of Heteroatom Substituted SBA-15 by the «pH-Adjusting» Method. Chemistry of Materials, 16(3), 486-492. doi:10.1021/cm0343857Chuah, G. ., Liu, S. ., Jaenicke, S., & Li, J. (2000). High surface area zirconia by digestion of zirconium propoxide at different pH. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 39(1-2), 381-392. doi:10.1016/s1387-1811(00)00189-xGalarneau, A., Nader, M., Guenneau, F., Di Renzo, F., & Gedeon, A. (2007). Understanding the Stability in Water of Mesoporous SBA-15 and MCM-41. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(23), 8268-8277. doi:10.1021/jp068526eChen, C.-Y., Li, H.-X., & Davis, M. E. (1993). Studies on mesoporous materials. Microporous Materials, 2(1), 17-26. doi:10.1016/0927-6513(93)80058-3Li, Y., Yang, Q., Yang, J., & Li, C. (2006). Synthesis of mesoporous aluminosilicates with low Si/Al ratios using a single-source molecular precursor under acidic conditions. Journal of Porous Materials, 13(3-4), 187-193. doi:10.1007/s10934-006-8003-

Uso de herramientas on-line de evaluación y autoevaluación para la mejora del aprendizaje activo. Una experiencia en Contaminación y Tratamiento de Aguas.

[Otros] The adaptation of the educational model to the European Higher Education Area requires, among other things, tools that allow a continuous evaluation. In this sense, the use of on-line self-evaluation tests allows both the student and teacher carry out continuous monitoring of developments in their learning. In the subject Pollution and Treatment of Water taught in the Degree in Environmental Sciences of the UPV the "Exámenes" tool, included in the PoliformaT platform, for testing on-line evaluation is used in order to promote continuous evaluation and facilitate active learning by students. The experience involves programming formative self-evaluation tests after completion of each topic or didactic unit. The realization of tests allows students to achieve a progressive consolidation of partial contents that improves the understanding of more advanced contents as the use of practical activities scheduled. The use of new technologies allows have remote tools that facilitate the task of monitoring that, otherwise, would be infeasible for large groups. Furthermore, the results are incorporated into evaluation system, complementing the continuous evaluation of the course[ES] La adaptación del modelo educativo al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior requiere, entre otros aspectos, de herramientas que permitan una evaluación continua. En este sentido, la disponibilidad de pruebas de autoevaluación on-line permite tanto al alumno como profesor realizar un seguimiento continuado acerca de la evolución de su aprendizaje. En la asignatura Contaminación y Tratamiento de Aguas impartida en el Grado en Ciencias Ambientales de la UPV se utiliza la herramienta ¿Exámenes¿ incluida en la plataforma PoliformaT para la realización de pruebas de evaluación on-line con el objetivo de favorecer la evaluación continua y facilitar un aprendizaje activo por parte del alumno. La experiencia consiste en la programación de cuestionarios y pruebas de autoevaluación formativa tras la finalización de cada tema o unidad didáctica. La realización de las pruebas permite al alumno lograr una consolidación progresiva de contenidos parciales que mejora tanto la comprensión de contenidos más avanzados como el aprovechamiento de las actividades prácticas programadas. El uso de las nuevas tecnologías permite disponer de herramientas a distancia que facilitan la tarea de seguimiento que, de otro modo, resultaría inviable para grupos numerosos. Además, los resultados obtenidos se incorporan al sistema de evaluación, complementando la evaluación continua de la asignaturaMengual Cuquerella, J.; González Romero, JA. (2014). Uso de herramientas on-line de evaluación y autoevaluación para la mejora del aprendizaje activo. Una experiencia en Contaminación y Tratamiento de Aguas. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 529-537. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/168625S52953

Análisis del rendimiento de las plantas de clasificación de residuos de envases en España: Valorización de sus rechazos

Las plantas de selección de envases son instalaciones destinadas a la separación y clasificación de los materiales que componen los residuos de envases, procedentes del contenedor de recogida selectiva de envases. A finales del año 2010, en España existían 94 plantas de selección de este tipo, de las cuales, 43 disponían de sistemas de detección automática de materiales. Una parte de todo el material que entra en las plantas se convierte en rechazo, formado por impropios, material que no debería depositarse en el contenedor, y por otros materiales que siendo envases, por cualquier motivo no se han podido seleccionar. En este trabajo se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica intensa y se han estimado los porcentajes, cantidades y composición de los materiales que entran y salen de estas plantas, haciendo especial énfasis en la corriente de rechazos. Se ha realizado un análisis físico-químico de varias muestras de rechazos y se ha determinado cuál es su potencial de valorización desde el punto de vista energético.Gallardo Izquierdo, A.; Edo Alcón, N.; Mengual Cuquerella, J.; Pascual Vinuesa, P. (2012). Análisis del rendimiento de las plantas de clasificación de residuos de envases en España: Valorización de sus rechazos. RETEMA, Revista Técnica de Medio Ambiente. (163):44-54. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/48084S445416

Use of Phragmites australis for controlling phospohrus contamination in anthropogenic wetland ecosystems

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in J. M. Carricondo, J. V. Oliver-Villanueva, J. V. Turégano, J. A. González & J. Mengual (2021) Use of Phragmites australis for controlling phosphorus contamination in anthropogenic wetland ecosystems, Environmental Technology, 42:19, 3055-3064, DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1720311 [copyright Taylor & Francis], available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/09593330.2020.1720311[EN] Continuous phosphorus discharges in bodies of water, generated by human activities, such as agriculture, domestic effluences or wastewater from industrial processes, produce contaminated water and eutrophication. For this reason, efficient and low-cost systems that can remove phosphorus from contaminated water are necessary. In addition, it is important to generate renewable energy such as the energy produced in biomass power plants, taking advantage of the available biomass waste in each place. When producing this renewable energy, the resulting ash is a residue that can be used for phosphorus removal by adsorption processes. Moreover, according to the concept of the circular economy, the ash waste generated in this bio energy process should be reduced as much as possible. One of the advantages of this research being that surplus phosphorus-laden ash can be reused as fertilizer in agricultural fields. Considering this, the efficiency of reed ash (RA) (Phragmites australis) has been analysed in batch experiments, as well as the effect of several parameters on the removal of phosphate, such as contact time, phosphate-ash ratio, ash dose and temperature. Significant results obtained show that RA can be used to improve water quality.Carricondo, JM.; Oliver Villanueva, JV.; Turegano Pastor, JV.; González Romero, JA.; Mengual Cuquerella, J. (2021). Use of Phragmites australis for controlling phospohrus contamination in anthropogenic wetland ecosystems. Environmental Technology. 42(19):3055-3064. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1720311S305530644219Rodrigo, M. A., Valentín, A., Claros, J., Moreno, L., Segura, M., Lassalle, M., & Vera, P. (2018). Assessing the effect of emergent vegetation in a surface-flow constructed wetland on eutrophication reversion and biodiversity enhancement. Ecological Engineering, 113, 74-87. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.11.021Ahmad, S. S., Reshi, Z. A., Shah, M. A., Rashid, I., Ara, R., & Andrabi, S. M. A. (2014). Phytoremediation Potential ofPhragmites australisin Hokersar Wetland - A Ramsar Site of Kashmir Himalaya. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16(12), 1183-1191. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.821449Chandra, R., & Yadav, S. (2011). Phytoremediation of CD, CR, CU, MN, FE, NI, PB and ZN from Aqueous Solution UsingPhragmites Cummunis, Typha AngustifoliaandCyperus Esculentus. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 13(6), 580-591. doi:10.1080/15226514.2010.495258Brix, H., Schierup, H.-H., & Arias, C. A. (2007). Twenty years experience with constructed wetland systems in Denmark – what did we learn? Water Science and Technology, 56(3), 63-68. doi:10.2166/wst.2007.522Vybernaite-Lubiene, I., Zilius, M., Giordani, G., Petkuviene, J., Vaiciute, D., Bukaveckas, P. A., & Bartoli, M. (2017). Effect of algal blooms on retention of N, Si and P in Europe’s largest coastal lagoon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 194, 217-228. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.020Del Barrio Fernández, P., Gómez, A. G., Alba, J. G., Díaz, C. Á., & Revilla Cortezón, J. A. (2012). A model for describing the eutrophication in a heavily regulated coastal lagoon. Application to the Albufera of Valencia (Spain). Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 340-352. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.019Uddin, M. N., & Robinson, R. W. (2018). Can nutrient enrichment influence the invasion of Phragmites australis? Science of The Total Environment, 613-614, 1449-1459. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.131Ailstock, M. S., Norman, C. M., & Bushmann, P. J. (2001). Common ReedPhragmites australis: Control and Effects Upon Biodiversity in Freshwater Nontidal Wetlands. Restoration Ecology, 9(1), 49-59. doi:10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009001049.xColeman, H. M., & Levine, J. M. (2006). Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic annual grasses in a coastal California meadow. Biological Invasions, 9(1), 65-71. doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9008-6Farnsworth, E. J., & Meyerson, L. A. (2003). Comparative ecophysiology of four wetland plant species along a continuum of invasiveness. Wetlands, 23(4), 750-762. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0750:ceofwp]2.0.co;2Holdredge, C., & Bertness, M. D. (2010). Litter legacy increases the competitive advantage of invasive Phragmites australis in New England wetlands. Biological Invasions, 13(2), 423-433. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9836-2Verhoeven, J. T. A., & Setter, T. L. (2009). Agricultural use of wetlands: opportunities and limitations. Annals of Botany, 105(1), 155-163. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp172Pinto, E., Almeida, A., & Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. (2016). Essential and non-essential/toxic elements in rice available in the Portuguese and Spanish markets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 48, 81-87. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2016.02.008Li, M., Liu, J., Xu, Y., & Qian, G. (2016). Phosphate adsorption on metal oxides and metal hydroxides: A comparative review. Environmental Reviews, 24(3), 319-332. doi:10.1139/er-2015-0080Correll, D. L. (1998). The Role of Phosphorus in the Eutrophication of Receiving Waters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27(2), 261-266. doi:10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004xSharpley, A. N., Chapra, S. C., Wedepohl, R., Sims, J. T., Daniel, T. C., & Reddy, K. R. (1994). Managing Agricultural Phosphorus for Protection of Surface Waters: Issues and Options. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23(3), 437-451. doi:10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030006xMaiga Y, von Sperling M, Mihelcic J. Constructed Wetlands. In: Rose JB and Jiménez-Cisneros B (eds) Global Water Pathogen Project. http://www.waterpathogens.org (Haas C, Mihelcic JR and Verbyla ME) (eds) Part 4 Management Of Risk from Excreta and Wastewater). http://www.waterpathogen 2017.Vymazal, J., & Březinová, T. (2016). Accumulation of heavy metals in aboveground biomass of Phragmites australis in horizontal flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 290, 232-242. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.108Zhang, Y., Song, C., Ji, L., Liu, Y., Xiao, J., Cao, X., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Cause and effect of N/P ratio decline with eutrophication aggravation in shallow lakes. Science of The Total Environment, 627, 1294-1302. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.327Rai, P. K. (2008). Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems and its Phytoremediation using Wetland Plants: An ecosustainable approach. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10(2), 133-160. doi:10.1080/15226510801913918Meuleman, A. F. M., Beekman, J. P., & Verhoeven, J. T. A. (2002). Nutrient retention and nutrient-use efficiency in Phragmites australis stands after wasterwater application. Wetlands, 22(4), 712-721. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0712:nranue]2.0.co;2Važić, T., Svirčev, Z., Dulić, T., Krstić, K., & Obreht, I. (2015). Potential for energy production from reed biomass in the Vojvodina region (north Serbia). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 670-680. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.034Matsumura, Y., Minowa, T., & Yamamoto, H. (2005). Amount, availability, and potential use of rice straw (agricultural residue) biomass as an energy resource in Japan. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(5), 347-354. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.06.015Kumari, M., & Tripathi, B. D. (2015). Efficiency of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia for heavy metal removal from wastewater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 112, 80-86. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.034Boluda, R., Andreu, V., Gilabert, M. A., & Sobrino, P. (1993). Relation between reflectance of rice crop and indices of pollution by heavy metals in soils of albufera natural park (Valencia, Spain). Soil Technology, 6(4), 351-363. doi:10.1016/0933-3630(93)90025-aYadav, D., Kapur, M., Kumar, P., & Mondal, M. K. (2015). Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using rice husk and fruit juice residue. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 94, 402-409. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2014.09.005UGURLU, A. (1998). Phosphorus removal by fly ash. Environment International, 24(8), 911-918. doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(98)00079-8Abbas, M. N. (2014). Phosphorus removal from wastewater using rice husk and subsequent utilization of the waste residue. Desalination and Water Treatment, 55(4), 970-977. doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.922494El-Sobky, E.-S. E. A. (2017). Effect of burned rice straw, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 62(1), 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.aoas.2017.05.007Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., Henclik, A., Gorazda, K., & Wzorek, Z. (2015). The possible use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in the construction industry as a way towards a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 45-54. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.051Mor, S., Chhoden, K., & Ravindra, K. (2016). Application of agro-waste rice husk ash for the removal of phosphate from the wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 673-680. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.088Seliem, M. K., Komarneni, S., & Abu Khadra, M. R. (2016). Phosphate removal from solution by composite of MCM-41 silica with rice husk: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 224, 51-57. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.011Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3), 327-363. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003Langmuir, I. (1916). THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. PART I. SOLIDS. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38(11), 2221-2295. doi:10.1021/ja02268a002Chen, Y., Wang, F., Duan, L., Yang, H., & Gao, J. (2016). Tetracycline adsorption onto rice husk ash, an agricultural waste: Its kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 222, 487-494. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2016.07.090Ma, Z., Li, Q., Yue, Q., Gao, B., Li, W., Xu, X., & Zhong, Q. (2011). Adsorption removal of ammonium and phosphate from water by fertilizer controlled release agent prepared from wheat straw. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3), 1209-1217. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.027Vassileva, P., & Voikova, D. (2009). Investigation on natural and pretreated Bulgarian clinoptilolite for ammonium ions removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170(2-3), 948-953. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.062SHI, Z., LIU, F., & YAO, S. (2011). Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using activated carbon loaded with Fe(III) oxide. New Carbon Materials, 26(4), 299-306. doi:10.1016/s1872-5805(11)60083-8Wu, Y., Li, X., Yang, Q., Wang, D., Xu, Q., Yao, F., … Huang, X. (2019). Hydrated lanthanum oxide-modified diatomite as highly efficient adsorbent for low-concentration phosphate removal from secondary effluents. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 370-379. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.059Vohla, C., Kõiv, M., Bavor, H. J., Chazarenc, F., & Mander, Ü. (2011). Filter materials for phosphorus removal from wastewater in treatment wetlands—A review. Ecological Engineering, 37(1), 70-89. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.08.003Xia, P., Wang, X., Wang, X., Song, J., Wang, H., Zhang, J., & Zhao, J. (2016). Struvite crystallization combined adsorption of phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solutions by mesoporous MgO⿿loaded diatomite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 506, 220-227. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.101Wong, A., Navarro, E. A., & Abril, A. J. (2013). Microalgal oil production for use in rice farms in Albufera (València) region. International Journal of Green Economics, 7(2), 181. doi:10.1504/ijge.2013.057437Delivand, M. K., Barz, M., & Gheewala, S. H. (2011). Logistics cost analysis of rice straw for biomass power generation in Thailand. Energy, 36(3), 1435-1441. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.026Schiemenz, K., & Eichler-Löbermann, B. (2010). Biomass ashes and their phosphorus fertilizing effect on different crops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 87(3), 471-482. doi:10.1007/s10705-010-9353-9Ahmed, M. J. (2017). Application of raw and activated Phragmites australis as potential adsorbents for wastewater treatments. Ecological Engineering, 102, 262-269. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.01.04

Reduction of phosphorous from wastewater through adsorption processes reusing wood and straw ash produced in bioenergy facilities

[EN] The objective of this research is to analyse the feasibility of reusing the fly ash waste, which is produced in biomass plants, during the production of renewable energy, for controlling phosphorus contamination in the wastewater being processed in sewage treatment plants. The research examines the efficiency of using different types of ash, obtained from representative biomass materials after combustion in an energy plant (paulownia wood, wheat straw and barley straw), in removing phosphorus from water. The ashes were respectively mixed with synthetic water, rich in phosphorus; then, using batch experiments, the effects that the pre-treatment of ash, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature had on the adsorption process were studied. The main results show that phosphorus adsorption by the tested ashes augments as temperature increases. Similarly, the adsorbed amount of phosphorus increases by increasing the dose of the adsorbent. In addition, the adsorption of phosphorus by these three materials has been described well by the Langmuir isotherm equation. It has been found that the removal process of phosphorus was endothermic. Finally, this study concludes that waste ash from biomass plants can be used to remove phosphorus from wastewater in sewage treatment plants.Carricondo Antón, JM.; Oliver Villanueva, JV.; Turegano Pastor, JV.; Raigón Jiménez, MD.; González Romero, JA.; Mengual Cuquerella, J. (2020). Reduction of phosphorous from wastewater through adsorption processes reusing wood and straw ash produced in bioenergy facilities. Water Air & Soil Pollution. 231(3):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04502-4S1122313Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3), 327–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003.AOAC (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists). (2000). Gaithersburg: Editor, Dr William Horwitz. 17o edición. Publicado por AOAC internacional. Gaithersburg, Maryland USA.Chen, Y., Wang, F., Duan, L., Yang, H., & Gao, J. (2016). Tetracycline adsorption onto rice husk ash, an agricultural waste: its kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 222, 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.07.090.Deboni, T. L., Simioni, F. J., Brand, M. A., & Lopes, G. P. (2018). Evolution of the quality of forest biomass for energy generation in a cogeneration plant. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.039.El-Naas, M. H., Al-Zuhair, S., & Alhaija, M. A. (2010). Reduction of COD in refinery wastewater through adsorption on date-pit activated carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1–3), 750–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.002.European Commission (1991). Council Directive 91/271/EC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment. Official Journal of the European Union, L 135, 30.5.1991,40–52.European Commission. (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the European Union, L, 140(16), 16–62.European Commission (2014). EU cereal farms report 2013. European Union, Brussels, pp. 122.Fernández-Puratich, H., Oliver-Villanueva, J. V., Valiente, M., Verdú, S., & Albert, N. (2014). Development pellets from three woody species under Mediterranean conditions. Madera y Bosques, 20(3), 95–109.Fernández-Puratich, H., Oliver-Villanueva, J. V., Lerma Arce, V., & Raigón Jiménez, M. D. (2017). A study of Paulownia spp. as a short-rotation forestry crop for energy uses in Mediterranean conditions. Madera y Bosques, 23(3), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2017.2331416.Freundlich, H. (1906). Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 57, 385–470.García-Maraver, A., Zamorano, M., Ramos-Ridao, A., & Díaz, L. F. (2012). Analysis of olive grove residual biomass potential for electric and thermal energy generation in Andalusia (Spain). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.040.García-Nieto, P. J., García-Gonzalo, E., Alonso Fernández, J. R., & Díaz Muñiz, C. (2016). Using evolutionary multivariate adaptive regression splines approach to evaluate the eutrophication in the Pozón de la Dolores lake (Northern Spain). Ecological Engineering, 94, 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.047.Girón, R. P., Ruiz, B., Fuente, E., Gil, R. R., & Suárez-Ruiz, I. (2013). Properties of fly ash from forest biomass combustion. Fuel, 114, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.042.Gislev, M., Grohol, M., Mathieux, F., Ardente, F., Bobba, S., Nuss, P., et al. (2018). Report on critical raw materials and the circular economy. Luxembourg: Luxembourg : Publications Office. https://doi.org/10.2873/331561.Ingerslev, M., Skov, S., Sevel, L., & Pedersen, L. B. (2011). Element budgets of forest biomass combustion and ash fertilisation – a Danish case-study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2697–2704.Kawakita, H., Harada, H., Biswas, B. K., Ohto, K., Inoue, K., & Ghimire, K. N. (2008). Removal and recovery of phosphorus from water by means of adsorption onto orange waste gel loaded with zirconium. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.015.Krasuska, E., Cadórniga, C., Tenorio, J.L., Testa, G., Scordia, D. (2010). Potential land availability for energy crops production in Europe. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4(6) Special Issue: Biofuels for Europe: 658-673. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.259.Langmuir, I. (1916). The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38(9), 2221–2295. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02268a002.Liu, J., Su, Y., Li, Q., Yue, Q., & Gao, B. (2013). Preparation of wheat straw based superabsorbent resins and their applications as adsorbents for ammonium and phosphate removal. Bioresource Technology, 143, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.100.Ma, Z., Li, Q., Yue, Q., Gao, B., Li, W., Xu, X., & Zhong, Q. (2011). Adsorption removal of ammonium and phosphate from water by fertilizer controlled release agent prepared from wheat straw. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3), 1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.027.Martín, M., Oliver, N., Hernández-Crespo, C., Gargallo, S., & Regidor, M. C. (2013). The use of free water surface constructed wetland to treat the eutrophicated waters of lake L’Albufera de Valencia (Spain). Ecological Engineering, 50, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.029.Mor, S., Chhoden, K., & Ravindra, K. (2016). Application of agro-waste rice husk ash for the removal of phosphate from the wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.088.Motulsky, H., Healey, GF. (2005) Fitting models to biological data using linear and nonlinear regression. Oxford University. Press New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/pst.167.Ortiz de Zárate, I., Ezcurra, A., Lacaux, J. P., Van Dinh, P., & de Argandoña, J. D. (2005). Pollution by cereal waste burning in Spain. Atmospheric Research, 73(1–2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSRES.2004.07.006.Ribó, M., Albiach, R., Pomares, F., & Canet, R. (2017). Alternativas de gestión de la paja de arroz en la albufera de Valencia. Vida Rural, 430, 56–60.Santamarta, J. C., Jarabo, F., Rodríguez-Martín, J., Arraiza, M. P., & López, J. V. (2014). Analysis and potential of use of biomass energy in Canary Islands, Spain. IERI Procedia, 8, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2014.09.023.Schils, R., Olesen, J. E., Kersebaum, K.-C., Rijk, B., Oberforster, M., Kalyada, V., et al. (2018). Cereal yield gaps across Europe. European Journal of Agronomy, 101, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2018.09.003.Seliem, M. K., Komarneni, S., & Abu Khadra, M. R. (2016). Phosphate removal from solution by composite of MCM-41 silica with rice husk: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 224, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.011.Senelwa, K., & Sims, R. E. H. (1999). Fuel characteristics of short rotation forest biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy, 17(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(99)00035-5.Schollenberger, C. J., & Simon, R. H. (1945). Determination of exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in soil-ammonium acetate method. Soil Science, 59, 13–24.Soria, J. M. (2006). Past, present and future of la Albufera of Valencia Natural Park. Limnetica, 25(1–2), 135–142.Soria, J. M., Miracle, M. R., & Vicente, E. (1987). Aporte de nutrientes y eutrofización de la Albufera de Valencia. Limnetica, 3(December), 227–242.Temkin, M. I. (1941). Adsorption equilibrium and the kinetics of processes on nonhomogeneous surfaces and in the interaction between adsorbed molecules. Zhurnal Fiziche- skoi Khimii, 15, 296–332.Thevannan, A., Mungroo, R., & Niu, H. C. (2010). Biosorption of nickel with barley straw. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), 1776–1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.035.Ubeda Delgado, J., & Antolín Giraldo, G. (1995). Energy possibilities from forest residues in the region of Castilla y León in Spain. Biomass and Bioenergy, 8(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)E0030-V.Van’t Hoff, J.H. (1887). Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie vol. 1, pp. 481-508.Vassileva, P., & Voikova, D. (2009). Investigation on natural and pretreated Bulgarian clinoptilolite for ammonium ions removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170(2–3), 948–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.062.Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-.Zegada-Lizarazu, W., Elbersen, H.W., Cosentino, L., Zatta, A., Alexopoulou, E., Monti, A. (2010). Agronomic aspects of future energy crops in Europe. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining Special Issue: Biofuels for Europe, 4(6), 674–691. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.242

Diseño, aplicación y evaluación de metodologías activas de aprendizaje, utilizando TIC en el ámbito de la ingeniería ambiental

[EN] Professionals in the field of environmental engineering require a high capacity for critical and holistic analysis to face the complexity and diversity of the real world. The purpose of the project described in this report is to develop and apply a learning methodology that encourages the training of such capacity and the use of information and communication technologies. The tool used is a social network profile in which students publish the work carried out within the framework of the project. The results have been positive, achieving a high motivation in the students and a good evaluation of the activity on their part.[ES] Los profesionales del ámbito de la ingeniería ambiental requieren una alta capacidad de análisis crítico y holístico para enfrentarse a la complejidad y diversidad del mundo real. El proyecto descrito en esta memoria tiene como finalidad desarrollar y aplicar una metodología de aprendizaje que fomente el entrenamiento de dicha capacidad y el uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. El medio utilizado es un perfil de red social en el que los estudiantes publican los trabajos realizados en el marco del proyecto. Los resultados han sido positivos, consiguiendo una alta motivación en los alumnos y una buena valoración de la actividad por su parte.Hernández Crespo, C.; Pachés Giner, MAV.; Romero Gil, I.; Mengual Cuquerella, J.; González Romero, JA.; Barat Baviera, R.; Paredes Arquiola, J.... (2019). Diseño, aplicación y evaluación de metodologías activas de aprendizaje, utilizando TIC en el ámbito de la ingeniería ambiental. En IN-RED 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 972-980. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10465OCS97298

Quantifying the Production of Fruit-Bearing Trees Using Image Processing Techniques

[EN] In recent years, the growth rate of world agricultural production and crop yields have decreased. Crop irrigation becomes essential in very dry areas and where rainfall is scarce, as in Egypt. Persimmon needs low humidity to obtain an optimal crop. This article proposes the monitoring of its performance, in order to regulate the amount of water needed for each tree at any time. In our work we present a technique that consists of obtaining images of some of the trees with fruit, which are subsequently treated, to obtain reliable harvest data. This technique allows us to have control and predictions of the harvest. Also, we present the results obtained in a first trial, through which we demonstrate the feasibility of using the system to meet the objectives set. We use 5 different trees in our experiment. Their fruit production is different (between 20 and 47kg of fruit). The correlation coefficient of the obtained regression model is 0.97.This work has been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR by the Conselleria de Educación, Cultura y Deporte with the Subvenciones para la contratación de personal investigador en fase postdoctoral, grant number APOSTD/2019/04, and by the Cooperativa Agrícola Sant Bernat Coop.V.García, L.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Basterrechea-Chertudi, DA.; Jimenez, JM.; Rocher-Morant, J.; Parra-Boronat, M.; García-Navas, JL.... (2019). Quantifying the Production of Fruit-Bearing Trees Using Image Processing Techniques. IARIA XPS Press. 14-19. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/180619S141

Design of a WSN for smart irrigation in citrus plots with fault-tolerance and energy-saving algorithms

[EN] Wireless sensor networks are widely used for monitoring different processes, including agriculture, in order to reach sustainability. One of the keys to sustainable crops is water saving. In particular, saving water is extremely important in arid and semiarid regions. In those regions, citrus trees are cultivated, and drip irrigation is used to save water. In this paper, we propose a smart irrigation system for citrus trees using a WSN. We describe the employed sensors and nodes for this proposal. Next, we present the proposed architecture and the operational algorithms for the nodes. Moreover, we designed different algorithms for fault tolerance and energy saving functionalities. The energy saving algorithm is based on the relevance of the gathered data, which is analyzed in order to consider whether the information should be forwarded or not. A TPC-based protocol is proposed to perform the communication among the nodes of our system. In addition, we present different simulations of the proposed system. Particularly, we show the consumed bandwidth and the remaining energy in the different nodes. Finally, we test different energy configurations to evaluate the network lifetime and the remaining energy when the first node depletes its energy.This work has been partially supported by the “Conselleria d' Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport” through the “Subvenciones para la contratación de personal investigator de carácter predoctoral (Convocatoria 2017)” Grant number ACIF/2017/069, by the “Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte”, through the “Ayudas para contratacion predoctoral de Formación del Profesorado Universitario FPU (Convocatoria 2014)”. Grant number FPU14/02953 and finally, the research leading to these results has received funding from “la Caixa” Foundation and Triptolemos Foundation. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.Parra-Boronat, L.; Rocher-Morant, J.; García-García, L.; Lloret, J.; Tomás Gironés, J.; Romero Martínez, JO.; Rodilla, M.... (2018). Design of a WSN for smart irrigation in citrus plots with fault-tolerance and energy-saving algorithms. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(2):95-115. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i2.13205S9511510