Intramolecular borylation via sequential B-Mes bond cleavage for the divergent synthesis of B,N,B-doped benzo[4]helicenes

Authors thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2016-47) for financial support. J. A. Knöller thanks the Baden Württemberg Stiftung for a scholarship as well as Queen's and Stuttgart University for enabling this research through the Dual Degree Masters program.New symmetric and unsymmetric B,N,B-doped benzo[4]helicenes 3 - 6a/b have been achieved in good yields, using a three-step process, starting from N(tolyl)3 in a highly divergent manner (7 examples). A borinic acid functionalized 1,4-B,N- anthracene 1 was found to display unprecedented reactivity, acting as a convenient and highly effective precursor for selective formation of bromo substituted B,N,B-benzo[4]helicenes 2a/2b via intramolecular borylation and sequential B-Mes bond cleavage in presence of BBr3. Subsequent reaction of 2a/2b with Ar-Li provided a highly effective toolbox for the preparation of symmetrically/unsymmetrically functionalized B,N,B-helicenes. Their high photoluminescence quantum yields along with the small ∆EST suggest the potential as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).PostprintPeer reviewe

Genetic and functional characterization of disease associations explains comorbidity

Understanding relationships between diseases, such as comorbidities, has important socio-economic implications, ranging from clinical study design to health care planning. Most studies characterize disease comorbidity using shared genetic origins, ignoring pathway-based commonalities between diseases. In this study, we define the disease pathways using an interactome-based extension of known disease-genes and introduce several measures of functional overlap. The analysis reveals 206 significant links among 94 diseases, giving rise to a highly clustered disease association network. We observe that around 95% of the links in the disease network, though not identified by genetic overlap, are discovered by functional overlap. This disease network portraits rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, pulmonary diseases and Crohn's disease as hubs and thus pointing to common inflammatory processes underlying disease pathophysiology. We identify several described associations such as the inverse comorbidity relationship between Alzheimer's disease and neoplasms. Furthermore, we investigate the disruptions in protein interactions by mapping mutations onto the domains involved in the interaction, suggesting hypotheses on the causal link between diseases. Finally, we provide several proof-of-principle examples in which we model the effect of the mutation and the change of the association strength, which could explain the observed comorbidity between diseases caused by the same genetic alterations

Economic benefit analysis of the collaboration between a pumped storage power plant and a thermal power plant

Pumped storage power plants are one of the significant means for regulating power systems， holding crucial importance for their secure， economical， and stable operation. The current research status of economic benefit analysis of pumped storage power plants is introduced， and the static and dynamic economic benefit analysis method of the collaboration between a pumped storage power plant and a thermal power plant is put forward. Moreover， the collaboration between a 4×300 MW pumped storage power plant and a 2×1 000 MW thermal power plant in a region is taken as an example to analyze the economic benefits resulting from their collaboration. The detailed calculation methods for the economic benefits of pumped storage units such as peak shaving and valley filling， frequency modulation， phase modulation， and contingency reserves are presented. These calculations can serve as a rational foundation for the collaboration between pumped storage power plants and thermal power plants

The Photoluminescent Properties of New Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Using Different Anions and Their Applications in White Light-Emitting Diodes

Three cationic iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(phen)][PF6] (C1), [Ir(ppy)2(phen)]2SiF6 (C2) and [Ir(ppy)2(phen)]2TiF6 (C3) (ppy: 2-phenylpyridine, phen: 1, 10-phenanthroline) using different anions were synthesized and characterized by 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), mass spectra (MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and element analysis (EA). After the ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra, photoluminescent (PL) properties and thermal properties of the complexes were investigated, complex C1 and C3 with good optical properties and high thermal stability were used in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) as luminescence conversion materials by incorporation with 460 nm-emitting blue GaN chips. The integrative performances of the WLEDs fabricated with complex C1 and C3 are better than those fabricated with the widely used yellow phosphor Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG). The color rendering indexes of the WLEDs with C1 and C3 are 82.0 and 82.6, the color temperatures of them are 5912 K and 3717 K, and the maximum power efficiencies of them are 10.61 Lm·W−1 and 11.41 Lm·W−1, respectively

Warm White Light-Emitting Diodes Based on a Novel Orange Cationic Iridium(III) Complex

A novel orange cationic iridium(III) complex [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 (TPTA: 3,4,5-triphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole, dPPOA: N,N-diphenyl-4-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline) was synthesized and used as a phosphor in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 has high thermal stability with a decomposition temperature (Td) of 375 °C, and its relative emission intensity at 100 °C is 88.8% of that at 25°C. When only [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 was used as a phosphor at 6.0 wt % in silicone and excited by a blue GaN (GaN: gallium nitride) chip (450 nm), an orange LED was obtained. A white LED fabricated by a blue GaN chip (450 nm) and only yellow phosphor Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) (1.0 wt % in silicone) emitted cold white light, its CIE (CIE: Commission International de I’Eclairage) value was (0.32, 0.33), color rendering index (CRI) was 72.2, correlated color temperature (CCT) was 6877 K, and luminous efficiency (ηL) was 128.5 lm∙W−1. Such a cold white LED became a neutral white LED when [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 was added at 0.5 wt %; its corresponding CIE value was (0.35, 0.33), CRI was 78.4, CCT was 4896 K, and ηL was 85.2 lm∙W−1. It further became a warm white LED when [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 was added at 1.0 wt %; its corresponding CIE value was (0.39, 0.36), CRI was 80.2, CCT was 3473 K, and ηL was 46.1 lm∙W−1. The results show that [(TPTA)2Ir(dPPOA)]PF6 is a promising phosphor candidate for fabricating warm white LEDs

Highly Emissive 9-Borafluorene Derivatives: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Device Fabrication

A series of 9-borafluorene derivatives, functionalised with electron-donating groups, have been prepared. Some of these 9-borafluorene compounds exhibit strong yellowish emission in solution and in the solid state with relatively high quantum yields (up to 73.6 % for FMesB-Cz as a neat film). The results suggest that the highly twisted donor groups suppress charge transfer, but the intrinsic photophysical properties of the 9-borafluorene systems remain. The new compounds showed enhanced stability towards the atmosphere, and exhibited excellent thermal stability, revealing their potential for application in materials science. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices were fabricated with two of the highly emissive compounds, and they exhibited strong yellow-greenish electroluminescence, with a maximum luminance intensity of >22 000 cd m$^{-2}$. These are the first two examples of 9-borafluorene derivatives being used as light-emitting materials in OLED devices, and they have enabled us to achieve a balance between maintaining their intrinsic properties while improving their stability

Corrigendum to:Intramolecular Borylation via Sequential B−Mes Bond Cleavage for the Divergent Synthesis of B,N,B-Doped Benzo[4]helicenes (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, (2020), 59, 8, (3156-3160), 10.1002/anie.201912340)

The authors of this Communication would like to add the following acknowledgement: “A.P. acknowledges financial support from a Marie Curie Fellowship (MILORD project, N°. 748042).”.</p

Highly Emissive 9‐Borafluorene Derivatives: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Device Fabrication

A series of 9-borafluorene derivatives, functionalised with electron-donating groups, have been prepared. Some of these 9-borafluorene compounds exhibit strong yellowish emission in solution and in the solid state with relatively high quantum yields (up to 73.6 % for FMesB-Cz as a neat film). The results suggest that the highly twisted donor groups suppress charge transfer, but the intrinsic photophysical properties of the 9-borafluorene systems remain. The new compounds showed enhanced stability towards the atmosphere, and exhibited excellent thermal stability, revealing their potential for application in materials science. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices were fabricated with two of the highly emissive compounds, and they exhibited strong yellow-greenish electroluminescence, with a maximum luminance intensity of >22 000 cd m$^{-2}$. These are the first two examples of 9-borafluorene derivatives being used as light-emitting materials in OLED devices, and they have enabled us to achieve a balance between maintaining their intrinsic properties while improving their stability