The influence of cerium ion concentrations on the characteristics of hybrid films obtained on AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy

This work aimed to study the corrosion behavior of AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy substrates pre-treated with 3 glicidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) silane layers doped with different cerium ion concentrations. The withdrawal speed of substrates from the sol was 20 cm • min-1. The hybrid films were obtained by dip-coating process and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford scattering spectroscopy (RBS), salt spray test, and electrochemical analyses. The correlation among the results obtained from different analyses was very good and indicated that the addition of Ce ion in the hybrid coating contributed to the corrosion resistance; however, for the high Ce ion concentration, the barrier effect of the hybrid films was deteriorated. The results obtained by RBS showed that the concentration of Ce ion in the hybrid film increased linearly with the concentration of Ce ion in the sol. Moreover, it was verified that, for the nominal concentration of 0.05 M Ce ion in the sol, the Ce atomic fraction increased in the hybrid film, while the Si atomic fraction reduced, indicating the possible modification on the silane network due to the incorporation of Ce ions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Revestimentos a base de silanos nanoestruturados para a proteção contra a corrosão em aço galvanizado

Os revestimentos à base de cromatos são amplamente reconhecidos por sua eficiência como pré-tratamento para proteção contra corrosão. No entanto, sabe-se que os íons de Cr+6 presentes na solução cromatizante são altamente tóxicos e tidos como cancerígenos. Por isso, revestimentos substitutos vêm sendo estudados em todo o mundo. Entre as alternativas aos tratamentos baseados em Cr+6, os silanos demonstram algumas importantes vantagens como baixo impacto ambiental e compatibilidade com uma grande gama de interfaces inorgânicas e orgânicas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação sobre o aço galvanizado de um filme híbrido obtido a partir de um sol constituído por dois tipos de sistemas: silano BTSE - Bis-1,2-(trietoxisililetano) e a combinação dos precursores alcoóxidos 3-(trimetoxisililpropil)metacrilato (TMSM) e tetraetoxisilano (TEOS), com e sem adição de inibidor de corrosão a base de Ce3+. Nos sistemas estudados foi analisada a influência da concentração de PEG na formulação do sol. Os filmes, obtidos pelo processo de dip-coating, foram caracterizados quanto ao comportamento eletroquímico, morfológico e comportamento mecânico. Foi verificado que a adição de inibidor é positiva e melhora o desempenho do revestimento silano. Além disso, ficou comprovado que a adição do plastificante PEG à solução precursora do filme melhorou ambos os sistemas estudados com relação à proteção quanto à corrosão e também quanto às propriedades tribológicas dos filmes obtidos. Entretanto, a concentração de plastificante é crítica, indicando que uma quantidade excessiva pode danificar o filme causando trincas e poros.The chromate coatings base are widely recognized for their effectiveness as pre-treatment for corrosion protection. However, it is known that the presence ions of Cr+6 in the chromate solution are regarded as highly toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, substitute coatings have been studied worldwide. Among the alternatives to treatments based on Cr+ 6, silanes demonstrate some important advantages such as low environmental impact and compatibility with a wide range of inorganic and organic interfaces. This work was conducted on the application in a galvanized steel of the hybrid film obtained from a sol composed of two types of systems: silane BTSE - 1,2-Bis (trietoxisililetane) and the combination of alkoxides precursors 3- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), with and without addition of a corrosion inhibitor based on Ce3+. The studied systems was analyzed the influence of PEG concentration on sol formulation. The films obtained by dip-coating process were characterized by electrochemical, morphological and mechanical behavior. It was observed that the addition of inhibitor is positive and improves the performance of the silane coating. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the addition of plasticizer to the film precursor solution improved both systems studied in relation to protection and corrosion and also as the tribological properties of films obtained. However, the plasticizer concentration is critical, indicating that an excessive amount may cause damage to the film promoting cracks and pores

Revestimentos a base de silanos nanoestruturados para a proteção contra a corrosão em aço galvanizado

Os revestimentos à base de cromatos são amplamente reconhecidos por sua eficiência como pré-tratamento para proteção contra corrosão. No entanto, sabe-se que os íons de Cr+6 presentes na solução cromatizante são altamente tóxicos e tidos como cancerígenos. Por isso, revestimentos substitutos vêm sendo estudados em todo o mundo. Entre as alternativas aos tratamentos baseados em Cr+6, os silanos demonstram algumas importantes vantagens como baixo impacto ambiental e compatibilidade com uma grande gama de interfaces inorgânicas e orgânicas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação sobre o aço galvanizado de um filme híbrido obtido a partir de um sol constituído por dois tipos de sistemas: silano BTSE - Bis-1,2-(trietoxisililetano) e a combinação dos precursores alcoóxidos 3-(trimetoxisililpropil)metacrilato (TMSM) e tetraetoxisilano (TEOS), com e sem adição de inibidor de corrosão a base de Ce3+. Nos sistemas estudados foi analisada a influência da concentração de PEG na formulação do sol. Os filmes, obtidos pelo processo de dip-coating, foram caracterizados quanto ao comportamento eletroquímico, morfológico e comportamento mecânico. Foi verificado que a adição de inibidor é positiva e melhora o desempenho do revestimento silano. Além disso, ficou comprovado que a adição do plastificante PEG à solução precursora do filme melhorou ambos os sistemas estudados com relação à proteção quanto à corrosão e também quanto às propriedades tribológicas dos filmes obtidos. Entretanto, a concentração de plastificante é crítica, indicando que uma quantidade excessiva pode danificar o filme causando trincas e poros.The chromate coatings base are widely recognized for their effectiveness as pre-treatment for corrosion protection. However, it is known that the presence ions of Cr+6 in the chromate solution are regarded as highly toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, substitute coatings have been studied worldwide. Among the alternatives to treatments based on Cr+ 6, silanes demonstrate some important advantages such as low environmental impact and compatibility with a wide range of inorganic and organic interfaces. This work was conducted on the application in a galvanized steel of the hybrid film obtained from a sol composed of two types of systems: silane BTSE - 1,2-Bis (trietoxisililetane) and the combination of alkoxides precursors 3- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), with and without addition of a corrosion inhibitor based on Ce3+. The studied systems was analyzed the influence of PEG concentration on sol formulation. The films obtained by dip-coating process were characterized by electrochemical, morphological and mechanical behavior. It was observed that the addition of inhibitor is positive and improves the performance of the silane coating. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the addition of plasticizer to the film precursor solution improved both systems studied in relation to protection and corrosion and also as the tribological properties of films obtained. However, the plasticizer concentration is critical, indicating that an excessive amount may cause damage to the film promoting cracks and pores