Selection of native trees for intercropping with coffee in the Atlantic Rainforest biome

A challenge in establishing agroforestry systems is ensuring that farmers are interested in the tree species, and are aware of how to adequately manage these species. This challenge was tackled in the Atlantic Rainforest biome (Brazil), where a participatory trial with agroforestry coffee systems was carried out, followed by a participatory systematisation of the farmers experiences. Our objective was to identify the main tree species used by farmers as well as their criteria for selecting or rejecting tree species. Furthermore, we aimed to present a specific inventory of trees of the Leguminosae family. In order to collect the data, we reviewed the bibliography of the participatory trial, visited and interviewed the farmers and organised workshops with them. The main farmers' criteria for selecting tree species were compatibility with coffee, amount of biomass, production and the labour needed for tree management. The farmers listed 85 tree species; we recorded 28 tree species of the Leguminosae family. Most trees were either native to the biome or exotic fruit trees. In order to design and manage complex agroforestry systems, family farmers need sufficient knowledge and autonomy, which can be reinforced when a participatory methodology is used for developing on-farm agroforestry systems. In the case presented, the farmers learned how to manage, reclaim and conserve their land. The diversification of production, especially with fruit, contributes to food security and to a low cost/benefit ratio of agroforestry systems. The investigated agroforestry systems showed potential to restore the degraded landscape of the Atlantic Rainforest biome

Expression Of Vegf And Flk-1 And Flt-1 Receptors During Blood-brain Barrier (bbb) Impairment Following Phoneutria Nigriventer Spider Venom Exposure

Apart from its angiogenic and vascular permeation activity, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been also reported as a potent neuronal protector. Newborn rats with low VEGF levels develop neuron degeneration, while high levels induce protective mechanisms in several neuropathological conditions. Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes neuroinflammation in central neurons along with excitotoxic signals in rats and humans. All these changes are transient. Herein, we examined the expression of VEGF and its receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1 in the hippocampal neurons following envenomation by PNV. Adult and neonatal rats were evaluated at time limits of 2, 5 and 24 h. Additionally, BBB integrity was assessed by measuring the expression of occludin, β-catenin and laminin and neuron viability was evaluated by NeuN expression. VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1 levels increased in PNV-administered rats, concurrently with respective mRNAs. Flt-1 and Flk-1 immunolabeling was nuclear in neurons of hippocampal regions, instead of the VEGF membrane-bound typical location. These changes occurred simultaneously with the transient decreases in BBB-associated proteins and NeuN positivity. Adult rats showed more prominent expressional increases of the VEGF/Flt-1/Flk-1 system and earlier recovery of BBB-related proteins than neonates. We conclude that the reactive expressional changes seen here suggest that VEGF and receptors could have a role in the excitotoxic mechanism of PNV and that such role would be less efficient in neonate rats. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.51225722588Vassilevsky, A.A., Koslov, S.A., Egorov, T.A., Grishin, E.V., Purification and characterization of biologically active peptides from spider venoms (2010) Methods Mol. Biol., 615, pp. 87-100Reis, H.J., Prado, M.A., Kalapothakis, E., Cordeiro, M.N., Diniz, C.R., de Marco, L.A., Gomez, M.V., Romano-Silva, M.A., Inhibition of glutamate uptake by a polypeptide toxin (phoneutriatoxin 3-4) from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer (1999) Biochem. J., 343, pp. 413-418Gomez, M.V., Kalapothakis, E., Guatimosim, C., Prado, M.A., Phoneutria nigriventer venom: A cocktail of toxins that affect ion channels (2002) Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 22, pp. 579-588Bucaretchi, F., Deus Reinaldo, C.R., Hyslop, S., Madureira, P.R., de Capitani, E.M., Vieira, R.J., A clinico-epidemiological study of bites by spiders of the genus Phoneutria (2000) Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 42, pp. 17-21Le Sueur, L., Kalapothakis, E., Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neuropathological changes induced by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (2003) Acta Neuropathol., 105, pp. 125-134Le Sueur, L., Collares-Buzato, C.B., Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Mechanisms involved in the blood-brain barrier increased permeability induced by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom in rats (2004) Brain Res., 1027, pp. 38-47Rapôso, C., Odorissi, P.A.M., Oliveira, A.L.R., Aoyama, H., Ferreira, C.V., Verinaud, L., Fontana, K., da Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Effect of Phoneutria nigriventer venom on the expression of junctional protein and P-gp efflux pump function in the blood-brain barrier (2012) Neurochem. Res., 37, pp. 1967-1981Nag, S., Kapadia, A., Stewart, D.J., Review: Molecular pathogenesis of blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute brain injury (2011) Neuropathol. Appl. 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Bull., 73, pp. 114-126Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Rapôso, C., Verinaud, L., Zago, G.M., Neuroinflammationand astrocytic reaction in the course of Phoneutria nigriventer (armed-spider) blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening (2009) Neurotoxicology, 30, pp. 636-646Jin, K., Zhu, Y., Sun, Y., Mao, X.O., Xie, L., Greenberg, D.A., Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, pp. 11946-11950Ferrara, N., Gerber, H.P., le Couter, J., The biology of VEGF and its receptors (2003) Nat. Med., 9, pp. 669-676Semenza, G., Signal transductions to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (2002) Biochem. 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(2008) Neuroscience, 154, pp. 1155-1172Prado, M.A., Guatimosim, C., Gomez, M.V., Diniz, C., Cordeiro, M.N., Romano-Silva, M.A., A novel tool for the investigation of glutamate release from rat cerebrocorticalsynaptosomes: The toxin Tx3-3 from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer (1996) Biochem. J., 314 (PART 1), pp. 145-150Vieira, L.B., Kushmerick, C., Reis, H.J., Diniz, C.R., Cordeiro, M.N., Prado, M.A., Kalapothakis, E., Gomez, M.V., PnTx3-6 a spider neurotoxin inhibits K+-evoked increase in Ca2+(i) and Ca2+-dependent glutamate release in synaptosomes (2003) Neurochem. 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One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function.Naturali

Accumulation Of Nutrients By Forage Grown In Domestic Sewage Treatment Runoff System [acúmulo De Nutrientes Por Forrageiras Cultivadas Em Sistema De Escoamento Superficial Para Tratamento De Esgoto Doméstico]

It is evident today that water quality is declining. This deterioration is mainly due to population growth and several aspects of agro-industrial production. This work therefore aimed to evaluate the performance of three forage species which are used for the treatment of domestic sewage (DS) applied to the soil via the superficial runoff technique. This experiment was conducted at the Agrarian Sciences Center of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil using a completely randomized design experimental delineation, with three replications in a split plot technique 3x5x2. The plots were composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 and Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca, with five levels of effluent application rates in the subplots: 7.91, 15.81, 23.72, 31.63 and 39.54 kg ha-1 day1 BOD. Two cuts of the plant material were done at 28-day intervals after the treatment application. The results showed that nutrient accumulation by the forage was higher than that reported in literature for Marandu grass, Tifton 85 and Pojuca. These results highlight the potential of these grasses on wastewater treatment, especially DS effluent.9197108(1999) Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION - APHAAMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION - AWWAWATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATON - WEF, 14. ed. Washington, DCBertoncini, E.I., Tratamento de efluentes e reuso da água no meio agrícola (2008) Revista Tecnologia & Inovação Agropecuária, 1 (1), pp. 152-169. , São PauloDrumond, L.C.D., Zanini, J.R., Aguiar, A.P.A., Rodrigues, G.P., Fernandes, A.L.T., Produção de matéria seca em pastagem de tifton 85 irrigada, com diferentes doses de dejeto líquido de suíno (2006) Engenharia Agrícola, 26 (2), pp. 426-433. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162006000200009, Jaboticabal(1997) Manual De Análises De Solo, p. 212. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA, Rio de Janeiro: EMBRAPA/SNCS(1999) Manual De Análises Químicas De Solo, Plantas E Fertilizantes, p. 370. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA, Brasília: Embrapa Comunicação para transferência tecnologiaErthal, V.J.T., Ferreira, P.A., Pereira, O.G., Matos, A.T., Características fisiológicas, nutricionais e rendimento de forrageiras fertirrigadas com água residuária de bovinocultura (2010) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 14 (5), pp. 458-466. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000500002, Campina GrandeFeigin, A., Ravina, I., Shalhevet, J., (1991) Irrigation With Treated Sewage Effluent: Management For Environmental Protection, p. 224. , Berlin: Springer-VerlagFerreira, A.S., Alterações de atributos químicos e biológicos de solo e rendimento de milho e soja pela utilização de resíduos de curtume e carbonífero (2003) Revista Brasileira De Ciências Do Solo, 27 (4), pp. 755-763. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000400020, ViçosaFonseca, S.P.P., Soares, A.A., Chernicharo, C.L., Vianna, M.R., Matos, A.T., Comparação de metodologias para dimensionamento do tratamento de esgoto doméstico pelo método de escoamento superficial (2000) Congresso Interamericano De Engenharia Sanitária E Ambiental, , Anais, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre: [s.n.], 2000Galzerano, L., Morgado, E., Influence of Nitrogen on yield and quality of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) grass (2007) Revista Electrónica De Veterinária, 8 (2), pp. 1-8. , MálagaHaddad, C.M., Castro, F.G.F., Produção de feno (1998) Simpósio Sobre Manejo Da Pastagem, p. 151. , Anais, 15., 1998, Piracicaba, Piracicaba: FEALQLoures, A.P.S., Soares, A.A., de Matos, A.T., Cecon, P.R., Pereira, O.G., Remoção de fósforo em sistemas de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, por escoamento superficial (2006) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 10 (3), pp. 706-714. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662006000300025, Campina GrandeMalavolta, E., (1980) Elementos De Nutrição Mineral De Plantas, p. 251. , São Paulo: Agronômica CeresMatos, A.T., Abrahão, S.S., Lo Paola, A.V., Sarmento, M., Matos, A.P., De, M.P., Capacidade extratora de plantas em sistemas alagados utilizados no tratamento de águas residuárias de laticínios (2010) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 14 (12), pp. 1311-1317. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010001200009, Campina GrandeMelo, W.J., Marques, M.O., Potencial do lodo de esgoto como fontes de nutrientes para as plantas (2000) Impacto Ambiental Do Uso Agrícola Do Lodo De Esgoto, 5, pp. 109-141. , In: BETTIOL, W.CAMARGO, O. A. (Org.), Jaguariúna: EMBRAPAOliveira, M.A., Pereira, O.G., Garcia, R., Obeid, J.A., Cecon, P.R., Moraes, S.A., Rendimento e valor nutritivo do capim tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) em diferentes idades de rebrota (2000) Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 29 (6), pp. 1949-1960. , PiracicabaPaganini, W.S., (1997) Disposição De Esgoto No Solo, Através De Escoamento À Superfície, Com Utilização De Gramíneas: Avaliação Do Processo Quanto Aos Aspectos Sanitários, Operacionais, Construtivos E De Manutenção, p. 197. , Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade de São PauloPrimavesi, A.C., Primavesi, O.D.O., de Corrêa, L.A., Cantarella, H., da Silva, A.G., de Freitas, A.R., Adubação nitrogenada em Capim-Coastcross: Efeitos na extração de nutrientes e recuperação aparente do nitrogênio (2004) Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 33 (1), pp. 68-78. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982004000100010, PiracicabaQueiroz, F.M., Matos, A.T., Pereira, O.G., Oliveira, R.A., (2001) The Dry Matter Yield of Forage-grass Species In Overland Flow Treatment Using Swine Wastewater, pp. 166-172. , In: SOARES, A. 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(Org.), Brasília: ABIDQueiroz, F.M., Matos, A.T., Pereira, O.G., Oliveira, R.A., Lemos, A.F., Características químicas do solo e absorção de nutrientes por gramíneas em rampas de tratamento de águas residuárias da suinocultura (2004) Engenharia Na Agricultura, 12 (2), pp. 77-90. , ViçosaRibeiro, K.G., Pereira, O.G., Garcia, R., Filho, V.S.C., Cecon, P.R., Composição e extração mineral do capim-tifton 85, em três idades de rebrota, sob cinco doses de nitrogênio (2000) Reunião Anual Da Sociedade Brasileira De Zootecnia, p. 55. , In: Anais, 37., 2000, ViçosaRibeiro, M.S., Efeitos de águas residuárias de café no crescimento vegetativo de cafeeiros em seu primeiro ano (2009) Engenharia Agrícola, 29 (4), pp. 569-577. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162009000400007, JaboticabalNeto, S.S.P., Silva, J.E.C., Santos, A.C., Castro, J.G.D., Dim, V.P., Araújo, A., Dos, S., Características agronômicas e nutricionais do capim-Marandu em função da aplicação de resíduo líquido de frigorífico (2010) Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32 (1), pp. 9-17. , MaringáSilva, D.J., Queiroz, A.C., (2002) Análise De Alimentos (métodos Químicos E Biológicos), p. 235. , 3. ed. Viçosa, MG: UFVde Souza, E.R.B., Borges, J.D., Leandro, W.M., de Oliveira Jr., J.P., de Oliveira, I.P., Ximenes, P.A., Teores de metais tóxicos nas folhas de plantas de milho fertilizadas com lodo de curtume (2005) Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 35 (2), pp. 117-122von Sperling, M., (1996) Princípios Básicos Do Tratamento De Esgotos, 2, p. 211. , Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisWerner, J.C., Paulino, V.T., Cantarella, H., Andrade, N.O., Forrageiras, Q.J.A., (1996) Recomendações De Adubação E Calagem Para O Estado De São Paulo, pp. 263-274. , In: RAIJ, B. VanCANTARELA, H.QUAGGIO, J. A.FURLANI, A. M. C. (Ed.), 2. ed. Campinas: Fundação IAC, IAC Boletim Técnico, 10

Evidences Of Endocytosis Via Caveolae Following Blood-brain Barrier Breakdown By Phoneutria Nigriventer Spider Venom

Spider venoms contain neurotoxic peptides aimed at paralyzing prey or for defense against predators; that is why they represent valuable tools for studies in neuroscience field. The present study aimed at identifying the process of internalization that occurs during the increased trafficking of vesicles caused by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Herein, we found that caveolin-1α is up-regulated in the cerebellar capillaries and Purkinje neurons of PNV-administered P14 (neonate) and 8- to 10-week-old (adult) rats. The white matter and granular layers were regions where caveolin-1α showed major upregulation. The variable age played a role in this effect. Caveolin-1 is the central protein that controls caveolae formation. Caveolar-specialized cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane sub-domains are involved in endocytosis, transcytosis, mechano-sensing, synapse formation and stabilization, signal transduction, intercellular communication, apoptosis, and various signaling events, including those related to calcium handling. PNV is extremely rich in neurotoxic peptides that affect glutamate handling and interferes with ion channels physiology. We suggest that the PNV-induced BBB opening is associated with a high expression of caveolae frame-forming caveolin-1α, and therefore in the process of internalization and enhanced transcytosis. Caveolin-1α up-regulation in Purkinje neurons could be related to a way of neurons to preserve, restore, and enhance function following PNV-induced excitotoxicity. The findings disclose interesting perspectives for further molecular studies of the interaction between PNV and caveolar specialized membrane domains. It proves PNV to be excellent tool for studies of transcytosis, the most common form of BBB-enhanced permeability. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.2293415422Abbott, N., Patabendige, A.A., Dolman, D.E., Yusof, S.R., Begley, D.J., Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (2010) Neurobiol. Dis., 37, pp. 13-25Altman, J., Bayer, S.A., (1997) Development of the Cerebellar System: in Relation to its Evolution, Structure, and Functions, , CRC Press (Boca Ratón), New YorkBergensen, L.H., Gundersen, V., Morphological evidence for vesicular glutamate release from astrocytes (2009) Neuroscience, 158, pp. 260-265Boyd, N.L., Park, H., Yi, H., Boo, Y.C., Sorescu, G.P., Sykes, M., Jo, H., Chronic shear induces caveolae formation and alters ERK and Akt responses in endothelial cells (2003) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 285, pp. H1113-H1122Bradbury, M.W., The blood-brain barrier (1993) Exp. Physiol., 74, pp. 453-472Brazil, V., Vellard, J., Contribuição ao estudo do veneno das aranhas (1925) Mem. Inst. Butantan, 2, pp. 5-77Bucaretchi, F., Reinaldo, C.R.D., Hyslop, S., Madureira, P.R., de Capitani, E.M., Vieira, R.J., A clinico-epidemiological study of bites by spiders of the genus Phoneutria (2000) Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 42, pp. 17-21Bucaretchi, F., Mello, S.M., Vieira, R.J., Mamoni, R.L., Blotta, M.H., Antunes, E., Hyslop, S., Systemic envenomation caused by the wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer with quantification of circulating venom (2008) Clin. Toxicol., 46, pp. 885-889Chang, C., Chen, S., Lee, T., Lee, H., Chen, S., Shyue, S., Caveolin-1 deletion reduces early brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (2011) Am. J. Pathol., 178, pp. 1749-1761Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Zago, G.M., Melo, L.L., Rapôso, C., C-FOS and n-NOS reactive neurons in response to circulating Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (2007) Brain Res. 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Infectious Keratitis Secondary To Histoplasma Capsulation: The First Case Reports In Humans

The authors report an unusual case of fungal keratitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum in a male immunocompetent patient. PCR confirmed the presence of the fungus DNA in the material studied. To our knowledge this is the first reported case in humans described all over the world. © 2007 by The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Contexto Publishing. All rights reserved.116595597Davies, S.F., Histoplasmosis: Update 1989 (1990) Semin Respir Infect, 5, pp. 93-104Klotz, S.A., Penn, C.C., Negvesky, G.J., Butrus, S.I., Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye (2000) Clin Microbiol Rev, 13, pp. 662-685Font, R.L., Parsons, M.A., Keener, M.J., Involvement of anterior chamber angle structures in disseminated histoplasmosis: Report of three cases (1995) Ger J Ophthalmol, 4, pp. 107-115Knox, D.L., O'Brien, T.P., Green, W.R., Histoplasma granuloma of the conjunctiva (2003) Ophthalmology, 110, pp. 2051-2053Thompson 3rd, G.R., La Valle 3rd, C.E., Everett, E.D., Unusual manifestations of histoplasmosis (2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 50, pp. 33-41Richter, M., Hauser, B., Kaps, S., Spiess, B.M., Keratitis due to Histoplasma spp. in a horse (2003) Vet Ophthalmol, 6, pp. 99-103Magie, S.K., Ocular histoplasmosis (1995) Current ocular therapy, pp. 75-77. , Fraunfelder FT, Roy FH, ed, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company;Gonzales, C.A., Scott, I.U., Chaudhry, N.A., Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum: A case report and literature review (2000) Ophthalmology, 107, pp. 725-729Spencer, W.H., Chan, C.C., Shen, D.F., Rao, N.A., Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in lesions of chronic ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (2003) Arch Ophthalmol, 121, pp. 1551-1555Srinivasan, R., Kanungo, R., Goyal, J.L., Spectrum of oculomycosis in South India (1991) Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 69, pp. 744-749Vemuganti, G.K., Garg, P., Gopinathan, U., Evaluation of agent and host factors in progression of mycotic keratitis: A histologic and microbiologic study of 167 corneal buttons (2002) Ophthalmology, 109, pp. 1538-1546Thomas, P.A., Current perspectives on ophthalmic mycoses (2003) Clin Microbiol Rev, 16, pp. 730-79

Consensus Of The Brazilian Society Of Infectious Diseases On The Management And Treatment Of Hepatitis C

[No abstract available]11SUPPL. 11

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: “AbSeS”, a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). Methods: We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. Conclusion: This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection. © 2019, The Author(s)