As interfaces entre a bioética e a saúde coletiva nas publicações brasileiras indexadas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, 2014.Os processos de desenvolvimento da bioética e da saúde coletiva brasileira percorreram caminhos paralelos, que, em determinado momento, passaram a se relacionar, por meio da aproximação de temas comuns, como a questão da equidade do direito à saúde. Os fundamentos éticos de prática de saúde pública sempre foram implicitamente assumidos por ambos os membros da profissão e pelo público em geral. No entanto, até recentemente, os valores básicos que fundamentam decisões de saúde pública e os conflitos inerentes à sua prática raramente foram articulados. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação foi identificar as temáticas, funções e práticas da Saúde Coletiva privilegiados pelos artigos que articulam bioética e saúde Pública/Coletiva publicados em revistas nacionais indexadas, bem como os referenciais teóricos, os conflitos éticos identificados e os posicionamentos morais e ideológicos dos autores. A investigação contou com a aplicação concomitante de dois métodos: uma revisão estruturada com síntese temática, proposta por Thomas e Harden e uma análise de conteúdo no modelo proposto por Bardin. Foram selecionados, 85 artigos, de 22 periódicos diferentes entre os anos de 1996 a 2013. Foram identificados os seguintes temas: Discussão da interface entre bioética e saúde pública/ coletiva; gestão e organização dos serviços de saúde; políticas públicas de saúde e vulnerabilidades específicas; inovação e incorporação tecnológica; cooperação internacional em saúde; Bioética na formação de Recursos Humanos; saúde e meio ambiente; com subtemas correspondentes. Foi verificada ausência significativa de artigos que discutam questões morais em torno de uso de drogas no contexto da saúde coletiva; ausência também de artigos que se dirigissem à política de saúde para a população negra ou discutisse, no âmbito da saúde coletiva, o racismo social e institucional ou a acessibilidade e a qualidade de serviços ofertados a esta população, bem como ausência de artigos relativos à saúde do trabalhador. Observou-se também uma gama de fundamentações teóricas envolvendo, predominantemente, a bioética principialista, as bioéticas Latino-Americanas, de intervenção e proteção, bem como a teoria das capacidades e a teoria da justiça. __________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe developmental process of bioethics and Brazilian public health coursed parallel paths, which at one point, began to relate, through the approximation of common themes, such as the fairness of the right to health. The ethical foundations of the practice of public health have always been implicitly assumed by both members of the profession and the general public. However, until recently, the basic values that underlie public health decisions and conflicts inherent in their practice were rarely articulated. The main objective of this dissertation was to identify the themes, functions and practices of Public Health privileged by articles that articulate Bioethics and Public/collective Health published in indexed national journals, as well as the theoretical framework, the identified ethical conflicts and moral and ideological positions of authors. The investigation involved the simultaneous application of two methods: a structured review with thematic synthesis, proposed by Thomas and Harden and a content analysis of the model proposed by Bardin. There were selected 85 articles in 22 different journals between the years 1996 to 2013. The following themes were identified: Discussion of the interface between bioethics and public/collective health; management and organization of health services; public health policies and specific vulnerabilities; innovation and technological developments; international cooperation in health; bioethics in training of human resources, health and environment, with corresponding subthemes. It was verified absence of significant articles that discuss moral issues around drug use in the context of public health, absence also of articles that were directed to health policy for the black or discuss in the context of public health, population and social racism institutional or accessibility and quality of services offered to this population as well as the absence of articles related to worker health. It was also observed a range of theoretical predictions involving predominantly principlism bioethics, bioethical Latin American, intervention and protection, as well as the theory of capacity and the theory of justice

Health education and education in the health system : concepts and implications for public health

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os conceitos-chave relativos à Educação em Saúde e Educação na Saúde e suas interfaces no campo da Saúde Coletiva. Embora apresentem diferenças, é frequente na prática dos serviços, a utilização das diversas variantes a elas relacionadas de forma indistinta. Dessa forma busca-se, também, distinguir dentro desses conceitos-chave as variantes da primeira, tais como, educação sanitária, educação e saúde, educação para a saúde e educação popular em saúde que significa um conjunto de práticas de educação para indivíduos e comunidade a fim de aumentar a autonomia das pessoas e da comunidade para que possam fazer escolhas e adotar hábitos saudáveis de vida e as variantes da segunda, tais como educação permanente em saúde e educação continuada ministrada para profissionais de saúde a fim de aprimorar o conhecimento destes e a atenção dispensada à população.The scope of this paper is to analyze the key concepts and expressions related to health education and education in the health system and their interfaces in the field of Public Health. Since there are various interpretations among health professionals regarding such terminologies and their variants in daily practice, it is necessary to establish the difference between them. Consequently, an attempt is also made to establish the difference between the variants of the first, such as sanitary education, education for health and popular health education, which represent a series of practices that involve social participation to increase the autonomy of individuals and the community in order to make choices and to pursue a healthy lifestyle. The variants of the second include ongoing education and in-service education, namely the education provided to health professionals to improve their knowledge in the field of health, in order to improve the health care afforded to the population

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Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

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