Carbon footprint of dairy goat production systems: A comparison of three contrasting grazing levels in the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park (Southern Spain)

The main objective of this study was to analyze the carbon footprint (CF) of grazing dairy goat systems in a natural park according to their grazing level. A total of 16 representative grazing goat farms in southern Spain were selected and grouped into three farming systems: low productivity grazing farms (LPG), more intensified grazing farms (MIG) and high productivity grazing farms (HPG). Their CF was analyzed, including greenhouse gas emissions and soil C sequestration according to the farms’ grazing level and milk productivity, taking into account different functional units (one kilogram of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and one hectare) and milk correction. Results showed that all variables differed according to the milk correction applied as the values for cow's milk correction were 41% lower than for sheep's milk correction. Total emissions and contributions of soil carbon sequestration differed according to farming system group; LPG farms had higher total emissions than MIG and HPG farms, however total carbon sequestration was lower in the MIG farms than in the LPG and HPG farms. The CF values ranged from 2.36 to 1.76 kg CO2e kg⁻¹ FPCM for sheep's milk correction and from 1.40 to 1.04 kg CO2e kg⁻¹ FPCM for cow's milk correction. No differences were found between farming system groups in either of the two cases but when calculations took hectare of land as a functional unit, the contribution of MIG farms to the CF was 85% higher than LPG and HPG farms. Therefore it is important to take into account the functional unit used to calculate the CF by analyzing this indicator in a broader context, and including carbon sequestration by grazing livestock in the calculation. In order to reduce the CF of this type of system, it is advisable to make appropriate use of the natural resources and to reach an optimum level of milk productivity, high enough for pastoral livestock farming to be viable

Spectral and variational analysis of generalized cylindrical and elliptical strip and microstrip lines

The variational technique in the spectral domain (VTSD) is shown to be an efficient method for computing the quasi-TEM parameters of arbitrary multiconductor and multidielectric cylindrical or elliptical strip configurations. Simple conformal mappings reduce the cylindrical or elliptical geometries to an equivalent rectangular one with periodic boundary conditions. The analysis of this equivalent structure is achieved by taking advantage of previous work on boxed planar structures. The numerical convergence of the programs is greatly accelerated, incorporating the asymptotic behavior of the series appearing in the analysis in such a way that efficient programs have been written. It is pointed out that excessively simple approximations to the surface charge distribution yield meaningful numerical errors, mainly when strong coupling or wide strips are involved. As an application example, the behavior of the characteristic parameters of asymmetric coupled structures on multilayer substrates is shown

Capacitance and Inductance Matrices for Multistrip Structures in Multilayered Anisotropic Dielectrics

In this paper we present a unified variational approach to determine the capacitance and inductance matrices of generalized multistrip systems embedded in a multilayered iso/anisotropic dielectric lossless medium. The analysis is carried out in the spectral domain to take advantage of previously obtained recurrence relations which calculate the Green's function in the spectral domain. The method leads to a low-order system of linear equations, which is shown explicitly. Examples and comparison with previously published results have been included

Quasi-Analytical Static Solution of the Boxed Microstrip Line Embedded in a Layered Medium

In this paper, a quasi-analytical method is presented to carry out the quasi-TEM study of a microstrip line embedded in a general layered substrate with rectangular enclosure. Electric walls, magnetic walls and periodic boundary conditions are considered. The analysis is based on the spectral domain formulation and the use of a proper expansion of the free charge distribution (Chebyshev polynomials with edge condition). Two different approaches are proposed to speed up the evaluation of the spectral series in such a way that only a few spectral terms must be retained in the numerical computations of the mentioned series. The propagation parameters and the charge distribution are obtained with extreme accuracy in fractions of one second on a personal computer

Violencia de Género: Detección y Pautas de Actuación

En este curso se contempla la violencia de género desde una perspectiva humana, social, asistencial y jurídica. Se matizarán las principales diferencias y características entre violencia de género y violencia doméstica así como las posibles respuestas a los casos que se nos planteen Así se destacarán las pautas de actuación ante una víctima de violencia de género y un maltratador

Reconstruction of the neutron star equation of state from ww-quasinormal modes spectra with a piecewise polytropic meshing and refinement method

In this paper we present a new approach to the inverse problem for relativistic stars using quasinormal modes and the piecewise polytropic parametrization of the equation of state. The algorithm is a piecewise polytropic meshing and refinement method that reconstructs the neutron star equation of state from experimental data of the mass and the $wI$-quasinormal modes. We present an algorithm able to numerically calculate axial quasinormal modes of neutron stars in an efficient way. We use an initial mesh of $27440$ equations of state in a $4$-volume of piecewise polytropic parameters that contains most of the candidate equations of state used today. The refinement process drives us to the reconstruction of the equation of state with a certain precision. Using the reconstructed equation of state, we calculate predictions for tidal deformability and slow rotation parameters (moment of inertia and quadrupole moment, for example). In order to check the method with an explicit example, we use as input data a few (five) configurations of a given equation of state. We reconstruct the equation of state in a quite good approximation, and then we compare the curves of physical parameters from the original equation of state and the reconstructed one. We obtain a relative difference for all of the parameters smaller than $2.5\%$ except for the tidal deformability, for which we obtain a relative difference smaller than $6.5\%$. We also study constraints from GW170817 event for the reconstructed equation of state.Comment: 20 pages, 18 figure

Internal architecture of the Tuxtla volcanic field, Veracruz, Mexico, inferred from gravity and magnetic data

"The Tuxtla Volcanic Field (TVF) is a basaltic volcanic field emerging from the plains of the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican State of Veracruz. Separated by hundreds of kilometers from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt to the NW and the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc to the SE, it stands detached not only in location but also in the composition of its rocks, which are predominantly alkaline. These characteristics make its origin somewhat puzzling. Furthermore, one of the large volcanoes of the field, San Martin Tuxtla, underwent an eruptive period in historical times (CE 1793). Such volcanic activity conveys particular importance to the study of the TVF from the perspective of volcanology and hazard assessment. Despite the above circumstances, few investigations about its internal structure have been reported. In this work, we present analyses of gravity and aeromagnetic data obtained from different sources. We present the complete Bouguer anomaly of the area and its separation into regional and residual components. The aeromagnetic data were processed to yield the reduction to the pole, the analytic signal, and the upward continuation to complete the interpretation of the gravity analyses. Three-dimensional density models of the regional and residual anomalies were obtained by inversion of the gravity signal adding the response of rectangular prisms at the nodes of a regular grid. We obtained a body with a somewhat flattened top at 16 km below sea level from the inversion of the regional. Three separate slender bodies with tops 6 km deep were obtained from the inversion of the residual. The gravity and magnetic anomalies, as well as the inferred source bodies that produce those geophysical anomalies, lie between the Sontecomapan and Catemaco faults, which are proposed as flower structures associated with an inferred deep-seated fault termed the Veracruz Fault. These fault systems along with magma intrusion at the lower crust are necessary features to understand the origin and structure of the TVF.