92 research outputs found

    Nitrate modulates stem cell dynamics in Arabidopsis shoot meristems through cytokinins

    Get PDF
    The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is responsible for the generation of all the aerial parts of plants. Given its critical role, dynamical changes in SAM activity should play a central role in the adaptation of plant architecture to the environment. Using quantitative microscopy, grafting experiments, and genetic perturbations, we connect the plant environment to the SAM by describing the molecular mechanism by which cytokinins signal the level of nutrient availability to the SAM. We show that a systemic signal of cytokinin precursors mediates the adaptation of SAM size and organogenesis rate to the availability of mineral nutrients by modulating the expression of WUSCHEL, a key regulator of stem cell homeostasis. In time-lapse experiments, we further show that this mechanism allows meristems to adapt to rapid changes in nitrate concentration, and thereby modulate their rate of organ production to the availability of mineral nutrients within a few days. Our work sheds light on the role of the stem cell regulatory network by showing that it not only maintains meristem homeostasis but also allows plants to adapt to rapid changes in the environment

    Involvement of RDR6 in short-range intercellular RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana

    Get PDF
    In plants, non-cell autonomous RNA silencing spreads between cells and over long distances. Recent work has revealed insight on the genetic and molecular components essential for cell-to-cell movement of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. Using a local RNA silencing assay, we report on a distinct mechanism that may govern the short-range (6–10 cell) trafficking of virus-induced RNA silencing from epidermal to neighbouring palisade and spongy parenchyma cells in Nicotiana benthamiana. This process involves a previously unrecognised function of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) gene. Our data suggest that plants may have evolved distinct genetic controls in intercellular RNA silencing among different types of cells

    Linking Employee Stakeholders to Environmental Performance: The Role of Proactive Environmental Strategies and Shared Vision

    Get PDF
    Drawing on the natural-resource-based view (NRBV), we propose that employee stakeholder integration is linked to environmental performance through firms’ proactive environmental strategies, and that this link is contingent on shared vision. We tested our model with a cross-country and multi-industry sample. In support of our theory, results revealed that firms’ proactive environmental strategies translated employee stakeholder integration into environmental performance. This relationship was pronounced for high levels of shared vision. Our findings demonstrate that shared vision represents a key condition for advancing the corporate greening agenda through proactive environmental strategies. We discuss implications for the CSR and the environmental management literatures, with a particular focus on the NRBV and stakeholder integration debates

    Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

    Get PDF
    The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

    A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

    Get PDF
    Meeting abstrac

    Plant vascular development: from early specification to differentiation.

    Get PDF
    Vascular tissues in plants are crucial to provide physical support and to transport water, sugars and hormones and other small signalling molecules throughout the plant. Recent genetic and molecular studies have identified interconnections among some of the major signalling networks that regulate plant vascular development. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system, these studies enable the description of vascular development from the earliest tissue specification events during embryogenesis to the differentiation of phloem and xylem tissues. Moreover, we propose a model for how oriented cell divisions give rise to a three-dimensional vascular bundle within the root meristem

    Comparative analysis among the small RNA populations of source, sink and conductive tissues in two different plant-virus pathosystems

    Get PDF
    Conclusions: We compare for the first time the sRNA profile of four different tissues, including source, sink and conductive (phloem) tissues, in two plant-virus pathosystems. Our results indicate that antiviral silencing machinery in melon and cucumber acts mainly through DCL4. Upon infection, the total sRNA pattern in phloem remains unchanged in contrast to the rest of the analyzed tissues indicating a certain tissue-tropism to this polulation. Independently of the accumulation level of the vsRNAs both viruses were able to modulate the host sRNA pattern.We thank Dr A. Niehl for critical reading and helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by a supporting program for the research from the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-05-10), a grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica and the PROMETEO program 2011/003 from the Generalitat Valenciana. MCH is the recipient of a contract from JAE-DOC program of the CSIC, JAN is the recipient of a postdoctoral contract from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Herranz Gordo, MDC.; Navarro Bohigues, JA.; Sommen, E.; PallĂĄs Benet, V. (2015). Comparative analysis among the small RNA populations of source, sink and conductive tissues in two different plant-virus pathosystems. BMC Genomics. 16:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1327-5S11516Pumplin N, Voinnet O. RNA silencing suppression by plant pathogens: defence, counter-defence and counter-counter-defence. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(11):745–60.Brodersen P, Voinnet O. The diversity of RNA silencing pathways in plants. Trends Genet. 2006;22(5):268–80.Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD. Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(2):94–108.Ciaudo C, Jay F, Okamoto I, Chen CJ, Sarazin A, Servant N, et al. RNAi-dependent and independent control of LINE1 accumulation and mobility in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(11):e1003791.Ding SW, Voinnet O. Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs. Cell. 2007;130(3):413–26.Szittya G, Moxon S, Pantaleo V, Toth G, Rusholme Pilcher RL, Moulton V, et al. Structural and functional analysis of viral siRNAs. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(4):e1000838.Donaire L, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Ibeas D, Mayer KF, Aranda MA, Llave C. Deep-sequencing of plant viral small RNAs reveals effective and widespread targeting of viral genomes. Virology. 2009;392(2):203–14.Voinnet O. Origin, biogenesis, and activity of plant microRNAs. Cell. 2009;136(4):669–87.Liu Q, Feng Y, Zhu Z. Dicer-like (DCL) proteins in plants. Funct Integr Genomics. 2009;9(3):277–86.Henderson IR, Zhang X, Lu C, Johnson L, Meyers BC, Green PJ, et al. Dissecting Arabidopsis thaliana DICER function in small RNA processing, gene silencing and DNA methylation patterning. Nat Genet. 2006;38(6):721–5.Margis R, Fusaro AF, Smith NA, Curtin SJ, Watson JM, Finnegan EJ, et al. The evolution and diversification of Dicers in plants. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(10):2442–50.Deleris A, Gallego-Bartolome J, Bao J, Kasschau KD, Carrington JC, Voinnet O. Hierarchical action and inhibition of plant Dicer-like proteins in antiviral defense. Science. 2006;313(5783):68–71.Blevins T, Rajeswaran R, Shivaprasad PV, Beknazariants D, Si-Ammour A, Park HS, et al. Four plant Dicers mediate viral small RNA biogenesis and DNA virus induced silencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(21):6233–46.Bouche N, Lauressergues D, Gasciolli V, Vaucheret H. An antagonistic function for Arabidopsis DCL2 in development and a new function for DCL4 in generating viral siRNAs. EMBO J. 2006;25(14):3347–56.Moissiard G, Voinnet O. RNA silencing of host transcripts by cauliflower mosaic virus requires coordinated action of the four Arabidopsis Dicer-like proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(51):19593–8.Qu F, Ye X, Morris TJ. Arabidopsis DRB4, AGO1, AGO7, and RDR6 participate in a DCL4-initiated antiviral RNA silencing pathway negatively regulated by DCL1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(38):14732–7.Vaucheret H. Plant ARGONAUTES. Trends Plant Sci. 2008;13(7):350–8.Hutvagner G, Simard MJ. Argonaute proteins: key players in RNA silencing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9(1):22–32.Voinnet O. Use, tolerance and avoidance of amplified RNA silencing by plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2008;13(7):317–28.Palauqui JC, Elmayan T, Pollien JM, Vaucheret H. Systemic acquired silencing: transgene-specific post-transcriptional silencing is transmitted by grafting from silenced stocks to non-silenced scions. EMBO J. 1997;16(15):4738–45.Yoo BC, Kragler F, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Haywood V, Archer-Evans S, Lee YM, et al. A systemic small RNA signaling system in plants. Plant Cell. 2004;16(8):1979–2000.Buhtz A, Pieritz J, Springer F, Kehr J. Phloem small RNAs, nutrient stress responses, and systemic mobility. BMC Plant Biol. 2010;10:64.Buhtz A, Springer F, Chappell L, Baulcombe DC, Kehr J. Identification and characterization of small RNAs from the phloem of Brassica napus. Plant J. 2008;53(5):739–49.Rodriguez-Medina C, Atkins CA, Mann AJ, Jordan ME, Smith PM. Macromolecular composition of phloem exudate from white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). BMC Plant Biol. 2011;11:36.Pallas V, Gomez G. Phloem RNA-binding proteins as potential components of the long-distance RNA transport system. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2013;4:130.Tournier B, Tabler M, Kalantidis K. Phloem flow strongly influences the systemic spread of silencing in GFP Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Plant J. 2006;47(3):383–94.Hamilton A, Voinnet O, Chappell L, Baulcombe D. Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J. 2002;21(17):4671–9.Voinnet O. MicroRNA and autophagy--C. elegans joins the crew. EMBO Rep. 2013;14(6):485–7.Dunoyer P, Schott G, Himber C, Meyer D, Takeda A, Carrington JC, et al. Small RNA duplexes function as mobile silencing signals between plant cells. Science. 2010;328(5980):912–6.Brosnan CA, Mitter N, Christie M, Smith NA, Waterhouse PM, Carroll BJ. Nuclear gene silencing directs reception of long-distance mRNA silencing in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(37):14741–6.Silva TF, Romanel EA, Andrade RR, Farinelli L, Osteras M, Deluen C, et al. Profile of small interfering RNAs from cotton plants infected with the polerovirus Cotton leafroll dwarf virus. BMC Mol Biol. 2011;12:40.Martinez G, Donaire L, Llave C, Pallas V, Gomez G. High-throughput sequencing of Hop stunt viroid-derived small RNAs from cucumber leaves and phloem. Mol Plant Pathol. 2010;11(3):347–59.Donaire L, Barajas D, Martinez-Garcia B, Martinez-Priego L, Pagan I, Llave C. Structural and genetic requirements for the biogenesis of tobacco rattle virus-derived small interfering RNAs. J Virol. 2008;82(11):5167–77.Qi X, Bao FS, Xie Z. Small RNA deep sequencing reveals role for Arabidopsis thaliana RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in viral siRNA biogenesis. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4971.Pantaleo V, Saldarelli P, Miozzi L, Giampetruzzi A, Gisel A, Moxon S, et al. Deep sequencing analysis of viral short RNAs from an infected Pinot Noir grapevine. Virology. 2010;408(1):49–56.Lin KY, Cheng CP, Chang BC, Wang WC, Huang YW, Lee YS, et al. Global analyses of small interfering RNAs derived from Bamboo mosaic virus and its associated satellite RNAs in different plants. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e11928.Navarro B, Pantaleo V, Gisel A, Moxon S, Dalmay T, Bisztray G, et al. Deep sequencing of viroid-derived small RNAs from grapevine provides new insights on the role of RNA silencing in plant-viroid interaction. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7686.Martin R, Arenas C, Daros JA, Covarrubias A, Reyes JL, Chua NH. Characterization of small RNAs derived from Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) in infected tomato plants. Virology. 2007;367(1):135–46.St-Pierre P, Hassen IF, Thompson D, Perreault JP. Characterization of the siRNAs associated with peach latent mosaic viroid infection. Virology. 2009;383(2):178–82.Di Serio F, Gisel A, Navarro B, Delgado S, de Alba AE M, Donvito G, et al. Deep sequencing of the small RNAs derived from two symptomatic variants of a chloroplastic viroid: implications for their genesis and for pathogenesis. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7539.Li R, Gao S, Hernandez AG, Wechter WP, Fei Z, Ling KS. Deep sequencing of small RNAs in tomato for virus and viroid identification and strain differentiation. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37127.Hu Q, Hollunder J, Niehl A, Korner CJ, Gereige D, Windels D, et al. Specific impact of tobamovirus infection on the Arabidopsis small RNA profile. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19549.Hibi T, Furuki I. Melon Necrotic Spot Virus. In: CMI: AAB Descriptions of Plants Viruses N° 302. Kew, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute; 1985.Riviere CJ, Rochon DM. Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of melon necrotic spot virus. J Gen Virol. 1990;71(Pt 9):1887–96.Diaz JA, Nieto C, Moriones E, Truniger V, Aranda MA. Molecular characterization of a Melon necrotic spot virus strain that overcomes the resistance in melon and nonhost plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2004;17(6):668–75.Navarro JA, Genoves A, Climent J, Sauri A, Martinez-Gil L, Mingarro I, et al. RNA-binding properties and membrane insertion of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) double gene block movement proteins. Virology. 2006;356(1–2):57–67.Genoves A, Navarro JA, Pallas V. A self-interacting carmovirus movement protein plays a role in binding of viral RNA during the cell-to-cell movement and shows an actin cytoskeleton dependent location in cell periphery. Virology. 2009;395(1):133–42.Genoves A, Navarro JA, Pallas V. The Intra- and intercellular movement of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) depends on an active secretory pathway. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2010;23(3):263–72.Serra-Soriano M, Pallas V, Navarro JA. A model for transport of a viral membrane protein through the early secretory pathway: minimal sequence and endoplasmic reticulum lateral mobility requirements. Plant J. 2014;77(6):863–79.Genoves A, Navarro JA, Pallas V. Functional analysis of the five melon necrotic spot virus genome-encoded proteins. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(Pt 8):2371–80.Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Amari K, Sanchez-Pina MA, Myrta A, et al. Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: a continued concern for fruit trees. Phytopathology. 2012;102(12):1108–20.Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Scott SW. The molecular biology of ilarviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2013;87:139–81.Varkonyi-Gasic E, Wu R, Wood M, Walton EF, Hellens RP. Protocol: a highly sensitive RT-PCR method for detection and quantification of microRNAs. Plant Methods. 2007;3:12.Blevins T, Rajeswaran R, Aregger M, Borah BK, Schepetilnikov M, Baerlocher L, et al. Massive production of small RNAs from a non-coding region of Cauliflower mosaic virus in plant defense and viral counter-defense. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(12):5003–14.Takeda A, Tsukuda M, Mizumoto H, Okamoto K, Kaido M, Mise K, et al. A plant RNA virus suppresses RNA silencing through viral RNA replication. EMBO J. 2005;24(17):3147–57.Andersson MG, Haasnoot PC, Xu N, Berenjian S, Berkhout B, Akusjarvi G. Suppression of RNA interference by adenovirus virus-associated RNA. J Virol. 2005;79(15):9556–65.Himeno M, Maejima K, Komatsu K, Ozeki J, Hashimoto M, Kagiwada S, et al. Significantly low level of small RNA accumulation derived from an encapsidated mycovirus with dsRNA genome. Virology. 2010;396(1):69–75.Aparicio F, Vilar M, Perez-Paya E, Pallas V. The coat protein of prunus necrotic ringspot virus specifically binds to and regulates the conformation of its genomic RNA. Virology. 2003;313(1):213–23.Ruiz-Ruiz S, Navarro B, Gisel A, Pena L, Navarro L, Moreno P, et al. Citrus tristeza virus infection induces the accumulation of viral small RNAs (21-24-nt) mapping preferentially at the 3â€Č-terminal region of the genomic RNA and affects the host small RNA profile. Plant Mol Biol. 2011;75(6):607–19.Folimonova SY, Folimonov AS, Tatineni S, Dawson WO. Citrus tristeza virus: survival at the edge of the movement continuum. J Virol. 2008;82(13):6546–56.Kreuze JF, Perez A, Untiveros M, Quispe D, Fuentes S, Barker I, et al. Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses. Virology. 2009;388(1):1–7.Karyeija RF, Kreuze JF, Gibson RW, Valkonen JP. Synergistic interactions of a potyvirus and a phloem-limited crinivirus in sweet potato plants. Virology. 2000;269(1):26–36.Melnyk CW, Molnar A, Bassett A, Baulcombe DC. Mobile 24 nt small RNAs direct transcriptional gene silencing in the root meristems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol. 2011;21(19):1678–83.Gosalvez-Bernal B, Genoves A, Navarro JA, Pallas V, Sanchez-Pina MA. Distribution and pathway for phloem-dependent movement of Melon necrotic spot virus in melon plants. Mol Plant Pathol. 2008;9(4):447–61.Harper SJ, Cowell SJ, Robertson CJ, Dawson WO. Differential tropism in roots and shoots infected by Citrus tristeza virus. Virology. 2014;460–461:91–9.Andika IB, Kondo H, Tamada T. Evidence that RNA silencing-mediated resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus is less effective in roots than in leaves. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005;18(3):194–204.Mi S, Cai T, Hu Y, Chen Y, Hodges E, Ni F, et al. Sorting of small RNAs into Arabidopsis argonaute complexes is directed by the 5' terminal nucleotide. Cell. 2008;133(1):116–27.Takeda A, Iwasaki S, Watanabe T, Utsumi M, Watanabe Y. The mechanism selecting the guide strand from small RNA duplexes is different among argonaute proteins. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008;49(4):493–500.Wu L, Zhang Q, Zhou H, Ni F, Wu X, Qi Y. Rice MicroRNA effector complexes and targets. Plant Cell. 2009;21(11):3421–35.Xu Y, Huang L, Fu S, Wu J, Zhou X. Population diversity of rice stripe virus-derived siRNAs in three different hosts and RNAi-based antiviral immunity in Laodelphgax striatellus. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46238
    • 

    corecore