Apicultura Argentina: contexto fundacional y elementos de resiliencia del sector

La apicultura en la Argentina se inició a mediados del siglo XIX con la introducción de un número pequeño de colmenas de Apis mellifera L. en eventos puntuales e históricamente registrados. El mito fundacional enuncia que proliferaron dada la abundancia de flora silvestre. El desarrollo técnico de la cadena de valor se potenció en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, apoyado por actores definidos, que convirtieron al sector en uno de los principales proveedores de miel en el mercado internacional. Adversidades sanitarias y alteraciones en las condiciones ambientales debidas, principalmente, a cambios en el uso de la tierra que condicionan la apicultura a escala global han tenido un impacto importante. Las estrategias desarrolladas en los sectores de investigación y desarrollo, su extensión y adopción por productores deseosos de continuar en la apicultura han permitido la resiliencia frente a diferentes crisis.Beekeeping in Argentina began in the middle of the 19th century with the introduction of a small number of hives of Apis mellifera L. in specific and historically recorded events. The founding myth states that they proliferated due to the abundance of wild flora. The technical development of the value chain was strengthened in the first decades of the 20th century, supported by defined actors, which led the sector to become one of the main suppliers of honey in the international market. Sanitary adversities and alterations in the environment mainly due to changes in land use, which condition beekeeping on a global scale, have had a significant impact. The strategies developed in the research and development sectors, their extension and adoption by producers eager to continue in beekeeping have allowed resilience in the face of different crises.EEA Delta del ParanáFil: Basilio, Alicia Mabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Valeria Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentina.Fil: Lopez, Valeria Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Landi, Lucas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Landi, Lucas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Mellado, Lorena M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Pedraza, Facundo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Gonzalo Alberto Roman. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; ArgentinaFil: Gurini, Laura Beatriz. Profesional independiente. Programa Apícola Nacional PROAPI-INTA; Argentin

El proceso de fermentación en la producción artesanal de hidromiel y su evaluación sensorial

En el hidromiel confluyen las ideas de alimentación natural y saludable relacionadas con la miel, con las de un producto artesanal y gourmet. La oferta de este producto se está expandiendo en las ferias regionales de todo el país pero, a pesar de la mención en la literatura de ficción, el producto es desconocido en el mercado local y comienza a fabricarse con bajos volúmenes y a ofrecerse con calidad dispar. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) evaluar y comparar las cepas de levaduras disponibles en el mercado en cuanto a la eficiencia del proceso y a la calidad sensorial del producto, y 2) brindar parámetros accesibles a los productores sobre la evolución de la fermentación en diferentes concentraciones de mosto. Para ello, se evaluaron tratamientos con cuatro cepas de Saccharomyces en tres concentraciones diferentes de mosto. Además, se registró la evolución de la fermentación, y se elaboraron curvas que permitirán al productor artesanal estimar la situación de sus fermentados de miel con mediciones simples. Los productos se sometieron a dos instancias de evaluación hedónica: por consumidores (n≈200), y por un panel semi entrenado (n=10). El 93% de los consumidores no conocía la existencia de la bebida, y el 83% la encontró aceptable en relación a sus expectativas. Los consumidores que habían probado hidromiel opinaron que el degustado era satisfactorio, sin poder discriminar entre variedades; mientras que el panel de expertos sólo detectó olores y sabores en los hidromieles secos.Mead reflects the convergence of the concepts of natural and healthy food, in terms of honey, with the concepts of a hand-made and gourmet product. The offer of mead is expanding in regional markets throughout the country, and, although it is mentioned in the fictional literature, the mead remains unknown in the local market. It is currently being manufactured in low volumes and offered with unequal quality. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate and compare the quality of the yeast available in the market in terms of process efficiency and the product’s sensory quality; and 2) to provide accessible parameters of the fermentation evolution to the producers in different concentrations of must. Treatments with four strains of Saccharomyces in three different concentrations of must were evaluated. The evolution of the fermentation was recorded, and curves that will enable honey fermentation process follow-up were built. The products were subjected to two instances of hedonic evaluation: by consumers (n≈200), and by a semitrained tasting panel (n=10). 93% of the consumers did not know about the existence of the drink, and the 83% of them found it acceptable in relation to their expectations. Consumers who had tried mead before considered that the taste was satisfactory, although they were not able to discriminate between varieties, while the panel of experts found off odors and flavors only in the dry mead.EEA Delta del ParanáFil: Basilio, Alicia Mabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Prieto, José E. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Valeria Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Mellado, Lorena M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Pascual, Graciela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Pedraza, Facundo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Fráncica, Karina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Avicultura, Cunicultura y Apicultura; y Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Raul. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Gurini, Laura Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentin

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Subclinical endothelial inflammation markers in a family with type i familial hyperaldosteronism caused by a de novo mutation Marcadores de inflamación endotelial subclínica en una familia con hiperaldosteronismo familiar tipo i por mutación de novo

Background: Type I familial hyperaldosteronism is caused by the presence of a chimaeric gene CYP11B1/CYP11B2 which encodes an enzyme with aldosterone synthetase activity regulated by a drenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Therefore, in patients with FH-I is possible to normalize the aldosterone levels with glucocorticoid treatment. Recently it has been shown that aldosterone plays a role in the production of endothelial oxidative stress and subclinical inflammation. Aim: To evaluate subclinical endothelial inflammation markers, like Mtalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and ultrasensitive Creactive protein (usPCR), before and after glucocorticoid treatment in family members with FH-I caused by a de novo mutation. Patients and methods: We report three subjects with FH-I in a dngle family (proband, father and sister). We confirmed the presence of a chimaeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene by long-PCR in all of them. Paternal grandparents were unaffected by the mutation. The proband was a 13 year-old boy wit

Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization